Most patients in both the pediatric (75.9%) and adult (64.9%) age groups received oral antifungal therapy with either itraconazole or (before 2016) ketoconazole 200 mg daily for a median of 28 days, with an overall improvement rate of 92.5%. Of note, oral ketoconazole therapy for superficial fungal infections is no longer recommended because of the potential for hepatotoxicity and QT prolongation. Other patients were treated topically with sertaconazole or clotrimazole cream twice daily for a median of 14 days, with an overall improvement rate of 84.3%. The retrospective nature and lack of follow-up data in 30% of patients were limitations of this study. Although Malassezia folliculitis has a predilection for the trunk, this condition is more likely to affect the face in pediatric patients. The presence of monomorphic small papules and pustules without comedones represent clues to differentiate it from acne vulgaris. We suggest direct microscopic examination of follicular contents to facilitate diagnosis of Malassezia folliculitis, especially in male teenagers and patients who fail to respond to antibiotic therapy.
Psoriasis is a common systemic inflammatory disease with multiple known comorbidities. We review the literature focusing on the psychological comorbidities that have been reported. We discuss the impact of psoriasis on stress and sleep disorders in addition to depression. Alcohol abuse and nicotine addiction are prevalent in this population, as are psychological problems in children and teenagers who develop psoriasis early in life. We summarize the proposed pathophysiology and known treatments for these comorbidities.
Introduction
Microbotox generally refers to the injection of small aliquots of dilute botulinumtoxinA into the dermis or the junction of the dermis and underlying musculature. This novel procedure has been popularized as a treatment to improve skin quality.
Objectives
The purpose of this literature review is to further the understanding of techniques and to evaluate the published outcomes in microbotox treatment.
Methods
We conducted a keyword search in Pubmed, Google Scholar, and the university library database, yielding 363 publications. We extensively reviewed those articles which met eligibility criteria to include evaluate microbotox and its effects on skin quality.
Results
While treatment parameters vary across the peer‐reviewed literature, microbotox appears to be a safe and effective treatment for improving skin quality. Benefits cited range from improving skin texture, achieving facial lifting, softening rhytids, reducing oiliness and pore size, increasing hydration, and ameliorating erythema and flushing.
Conclusion
Microbotox has the unique potential benefit of improving all three key determinants of skin quality: visual, mechanical, and topographical. Further research would validate and quantify its beneficial effects in the skin.
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