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Background: Infectious diseases are now the world’s biggest killer of children and young adults. Over the last three decades a lot of progress has been made globally as far as protection against six important vaccine preventable diseases is concerned. The major cause of non-immunization and partial immunization in most of the studies conducted in India and abroad suggest lack of knowledge and awareness about vaccination in the community.Methods: 400 children aged 12-24 months from urban and rural areas (200 each) of Udaipur in a randomized manner were included in this study. For coverage and evaluation of vaccination in this study, informants preferably mothers were interviewed using pre-coded and pretested questionnaire by door to door visit from 1st April 2017 to 31st March 2018, in urban and rural areas of Udaipur and if mother was not available then father or any other person >18 years belonging to the household was asked to respond to questionnaire.Results: The present study was undertaken to find out the vaccination coverage in eligible population in rural and urban blocks of Udaipur. Out of 400 children evaluated. More than half (60.25%) of children were completely immunized. 29.5% children were partially immunized and 10.25% were not immunized at all.Conclusions: Lack of knowledge and awareness were the main reason for non-immunization (44.4%) and partial immunization (29.4%) respectively.

dults and children commonly present with acute diarrhea due to various etiologies. Depending on the duration, acute diarrhea is defined as, the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day lasting for <14 days (<2 weeks) in duration [1]. It is of concern since acute diarrhea in children is one of the biggest public health problems related to higher morbidity and mortality rates. It is also the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years worldwide [1,2].To combat diarrheal diseases, many treatment options have been made available.Recently, probiotics are one of the most researched subjects in the pediatric discipline. Probiotics are defined as, non-pathogenic live microorganism which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host [3]. They basically affect the intestinal microbial balance of the host and improve his/her immunity, thus showing preventive as well as curative effects on diarrhea of different etiologies [4,5]. This study was carried out with an aim to compare the effectiveness of two different species of probiotic bacteria, Bacillus clausii and Lactic acid bacillus, in acute diarrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODSThis prospective, single centric, parallel group, single blind, and randomized clinical study commenced after obtaining approval from Institutional Ethics Committee. It was conducted from January 2018 to June 2019 at the Department of Pediatrics of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. The sample size was 150 patients which were calculated using Cochran's formula. Among these, 75 patients each were included in two Groups A and B. This randomization was carried out through a lottery method by a random allocator who was not associated with the study.The data were collected on a case record form after the informed written consent was obtained from parent or guardian. Infants and children between 6 months and 5 years, suffering from acute diarrhea and seeking treatment at this set-up, were included in the study. Infants and children whose parents or guardian were not willing to give their written informed consent, those with other co-morbid conditions such as the presence of blood/mucus in stool, co-existing acute systemic illness, shock, any infection, immune-deficiency states, severe dehydration, lactose intolerance, severe acute malnutrition or those who were already on probiotic before the hospital visit were excluded from the study.Groups A and B patients were administered probiotics -Bacillus clausii (2 billion spores) and Lactic acid bacillus (1.5 billion spores), respectively, along with ORS+Zinc orally twice a day. They were followed-up until they passed three consecutive stools with normal consistency and/or frequency to calculate the effectiveness of probiotics in acute diarrhea with respect

We present a convolutional-recurrent neural network architecture with long short-term memory for real-time processing and classi cation of digital sensor data. The network implicitly performs typical signal processing tasks such as ltering and peak detection, and learns time-resolved embeddings of the input signal.We use a prototype multi-sensor wearable device to collect over 180 h of photoplethysmography (PPG) data sampled at 20 Hz, of which 36 h are during atrial brillation (AFib).We use end-to-end learning to achieve state-of-the-art results in detecting AFib from raw PPG data. For classi cation labels output every 0.8 s, we demonstrate an area under ROC curve of 0.9999, with false positive and false negative rates both below 2 × 10 −3 . This constitutes a signi cant improvement on previous results utilising domain-speci c feature engineering, such as heart rate extraction, and brings large-scale atrial brillation screenings within imminent reach.

Background: The most obvious and important changes during puberty are secondary sexual characters. To check the correlation between testicular volumes with secondary sexual characters, nutritional status in Udaipur schoolboy’s assessment of testicular volume by prayer orchidometer is easy and reliable and accurate method in community. Aim of the study was to find out mean testicular volume by prader orchidometer at different stages of pubertal development.Methods: Children between 10 to 18 years of age (525 in numbers) from schools of Udaipur city were included. Children thoroughly examined for presence of any systemic disorders or major surgery was excluded. Informed consent with parents was taken Testicular volume assessment done by praders orchidometer with Tanner staging and correlation was statically analysed.Results: Maximum boys belonged to 15-16 years of age group (14.7%), and minimum belongs to 10-11 years age group (9.3%). Secondary sexual characters increases as mean testicular volume increases. The mean testicular volume for P1 (4.46 ml) and P5 (22.68 ml) and G1 (4.69 ml) and G5 (23.27 ml) with a p<0.05.Conclusions: Testicular volume adds more objectivity in SMR detection and helps to differentiate early genital maturation than pubic hair. Study population had early rise of testicular volume before pubic hair clinically visible which shows that testicular volume is the first to increase with the onset of puberty.

Background: Diarrhea is a public health problem globally, being the 2nd leading cause of death in children under 5 years. Dehydration as well as malnutrition are also serious consequences of diarrhea. This study was carried out with an aim to focus on the clinical and demographic profile of diarrheal patients of pediatric age.Methods: Infants and children aged 6 months to 5 years were analysed for age and gender distribution, chief complaints, feeding practices, nutritional status and assessment of dehydration; from January 2018 to June 2019 in the Department of Pediatrics of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital.Results: Total 150 patients were analysed. Almost 50.67% group A and 41.34% group B patients belonged to toddlerhood. Male preponderance was also noted. Along with diarrhea, vomiting was noted in 22 group A and 21 group B and fever in 19 group A and 29 group B patients. Approximately 41-45% patients had no malnutrition and 55-60% had no dehydration in both the study groups.Conclusions: There is lack of awareness regarding dog bite and its management among the rural people fever and vomiting were most frequently associated with diarrhea. A little less than half of the study participants had some-dehydration. Nearly half of the patients belonged to toddler age group. Majority of the patients were exclusively breast-fed for six months.

Background: Recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) is very common and the most troublesome health related issue in school aged children affecting up to 10-20%, but very rare below 5 years and above 15 years. Objective of this study was to assess clinico-etiological profile and ultrasonographic finding in children with recurrent abdominal pain at tertiary care hospital in southern Rajasthan.Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out at tertiary care hospital Udaipur, from January 2019 to June 2020. Total 57 children aged 5 years and above who fulfilled the Apley’s criteria for recurrent abdominal pain were enrolled. Patient’s detailed history and physical examination including detailed per abdominal examination were recorded on pre-structured Performa. All patient underwent for routine investigation which consists of complete blood count, urine routine and microscopy with culture, stool examination and USG of abdomen and pelvis.Results: Mean age of children with recurrent abdominal pain in this study was 9.9 years with SD±2.86 with male to female ratio was 1.28:1. Out of 57 children, organic cause was found in 21 (36.84%) children and in 36 (63.16%) children no organic cause was found for recurrent abdominal pain. Most common organic cause was urinary tract infection in 8 (38.09%) children. Total 19 (33.33%) children had mesenteric lymphadenopathy on ultrasonography, out of which organic cause was present in 10 (52.64%) children and no cause was found in 9 (47.36%) children (p value>0.05).Conclusions: Recurrent abdominal pain might occur either due to organic or non-organic causes. Urinary tract infection is one of the most common organic cause in this study. Mesenteric lymphadenopathy was the most common ultrasonography finding in children presented with recurrent abdominal pain.