Grain production plays an important role in the global economy. In this sense, the demand for efficient and safe methods of food production is increasing. Information Technology is one of the tools to that end. Among the available tools, we highlight computer vision solutions combined with artificial intelligence algorithms that achieved important results in the detection of patterns in images. In this context, this work presents a systematic review that aims to identify the applicability of computer vision in precision agriculture for the production of the five most produced grains in the world: maize, rice, wheat, soybean, and barley. In this sense, we present 25 papers selected in the last five years with different approaches to treat aspects related to disease detection, grain quality, and phenotyping. From the results of the systematic review, it is possible to identify great opportunities, such as the exploitation of GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) and advanced artificial intelligence techniques, such as DBN (Deep Belief Networks) in the construction of robust methods of computer vision applied to precision agriculture.
A food fraud and adulteration review was conducted based on scientific literature in Brazil. Milk and its products were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Food fraud and adulteration causes and suggestions for good practice are presented. The results can be used to analyze food safety and protect consumer rights.
Chatter is the main problem of instability in machining processes, caused by the modulations left on the surface during the successive cuts, called regeneration process, and is characterized by violent vibrations, noise and poor surface quality on machined surfaces. Thus, the scientific community has been concerned with developing actions for both the phenomenom prediction, and developing strategies to reduce them. This work evaluates numerically and experimentally the use of piezoelectric layers embedded to the tool-holder, and applying active and passive strategies trying to reduce the chatter in turning processes. For the passive case, the conductive electrode pairs of the piezoelectric layers are connected to a shunt circuit which modifies the system dynamics. The active solution proposes to use one of the piezoelectric layers as sensor an the other one as actuator, in order to apply feedback control laws. A numerical evaluation considers an electromechanical distributed parameter model based on Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beam theory, and the electrical and mechanical constitutive equations of the piezoelectric material. A comparison of the system frequency response functions (FRFs), numerically obtained, shows an increase of system damping when a resistive-inductive shunt circuit is used as a passive solution. The numerical evaluation of the active solution shows that the velocity feedback control increases the system damping. The turning process stability improvement using both strategies, is shown in a stability lobe diagram. Frequency response functions of the tool-holder system were obtained experimentally using a data acquisition system, in order to compare the response amplitudes. Turning tests were performed in order to compare surface qualities obtained of machined parts. Measurement of FRFs using series resistive-inductive shunt circuits shows a system response attenuation, later this strategy was evaluated in turning tests, showing an improvement in surface finish.
RESUMO A queima bacteriana do alho causada por Pseudomonas marginalis pv. marginalis é a principal bacteriose foliar na cultura. Pouco se conhece sobre a epidemiologia dessa doença e para sua avaliação não existe uma escala ilustrativa que descreva o quantitativo de severidade nas folhas. Com base nisso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar e validar uma escala diagramática para a doença. O trabalho foi realizado através da digitalização de 108 folhas de alho coletadas no Instituto Federal Catarinense - Campus de Rio do Sul com diferentes graus da doença. As imagens foram processadas para verificar o percentual de tecido lesionado presente na folha. A validação foi realizada por oito avaliadores sem e posteriormente com auxílio da escala diagramática com 30 folhas de alho com diferentes níveis de severidade. Obtiveram-se os valores representativos de 21, 37, 45, 56, 63 e 85% de severidade para compor a escala diagramática O uso da escala diagramática proporcionou maior acurácia e precisão das estimativas visuais para a avaliação da queima bacteriana do alho.
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