The increasing demand for petroleum-based polyethylene terephthalate (PET) grows population impacts daily. A greener and more sustainable raw material, lignocellulose, is a promising replacement of petroleum-based raw materials to convert into bio-PET. This paper reviews the recent development of lignocellulose conversion into bio-PET through bioethanol reaction pathways. This review addresses lignocellulose properties, bioethanol production processes, separation processes of bioethanol, and the production of bio–terephthalic acid and bio–polyethylene terephthalate. The article also discusses the current industries that manufacture alcohol-based raw materials for bio-PET or bio-PET products. In the future, the production of bio-PET from biomass will increase due to the scarcity of petroleum-based raw materials.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has economic and technical benefits as an alternative fuel for public transportation and heavy-duty vehicle. It is also safer, more reliable and more secure from domestic energy supply. However, LNG possesses different hazard compared to conventional automotive fuel. This paper aims to discuss about risk analysis on LNG transportation and storage as part of an energy supply system for public transportation in Yogyakarta city. This study was conducted for transportation routes between receiving terminal in Semarang port and storage facility in Yogyakarta. Storage capacity was assumed to serve for 12-day-operation which is equivalent to three storages with a capacity of 53 m3 each. The results of risk analysis show that the causes of LNG release were failure of loading LNG to road tank and unloading to storage facility with frequency of 2,4 x10-3 failures/year and 7,4 x 10-5 failures/year respectively. The study also found the most probable outcomes that give significant consequences were pool fire, fire ball, vapor cloud explosion and vapor cloud. These results have led to the conclusion that LNG transportation and storage to support public transportation in Yogyakarta city is safe and reliable as long as a good standard operation procedure is consistently implemented.

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Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is one of the potential alternative fuels to replace conventional fuels. Using LNG as fuel in Indonesia especially Yogyakarta will give many advantages, for instance, reduced greenhouse gas emissions so that eco-city in Yogyakarta can be realized. Although LNG has many advantages, LNG still contains many hazards whether during storage or distribution, the major hazard is radiant heat. This study aims to analyze and simulate hazard scenarios when transporting LNG such as fire pools, fireballs and vapor clouds and establishing exclusion zone by Areal Location of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA) simulation. This study assumes that the diameter of the tank leak is 1 in and 3 in. The simulation results the exclusion zone from pool fire's heat radiation from 1 in and 3 in leaks are more than 14 m and 39 m. While the safe distance of the fireball is 799 m. While in the distance vapor clouds that have a possibility of fire for the diameter leakage of 1 and 3 in are 21 m and 59 m.Keyword: consequences, ALOHA, LNG, exclusion zone, pool fire, fire ball, vapor cloud. PendahuluanLNG merupakan salah satu alternatif bahan bakar yang dapat di aplikasikan di Indonesia sebagai pengganti bahan bakar konvensional. Penerapan LNG di Indonesia dapat dilakukan karena salah satunya didukung oleh cadangan gas alam yang melimpah dengan cadangan mencapai 101,2 Trillion Standard Cubic Feet (TSCF) pada tahun 2016 [1]. Apabila LNG dapat diterapkan di Indonesia khususnya di Kota Yogyakarta maka eco-city dapat segera terwujud. Faktor pendukung untuk menjadikan Kota Yogyakarta sebagai pengguna LNG adalah Yogyakarta terletak dekat dengan pelabuhan Tanjung Emas di Semarang sehingga distribusi LNG dapat terjamin Ketika LNG diterapkan di lapangan, LNG dapat didistribusikan ke konsumen dengan moda transportasi laut dan transportasi darat. Keuntungan yang diperoleh apabila pendistribusian LNG dilakukan dengan angkutan darat adalah ongkos produksi yang lebih murah, namun pengangkutan LNG dengan transportasi darat memiliki risiko yang besar terutama apabila terjadi kebocoran LNG selama pengangkutan. LNG merupakan senyawa yang mudah terbakar sehingga apabila terjadi kebocoran selama pengangkutan maka dapat membahayakan para pengendara lainnya. Hal ini disebabkan transportasi darat merupakan jenis transportasi yang banyak digunakan dibandingkan moda transportasi lainnya seperti laut dan udara, sehingga perlu dilakukan kajian tentang bahaya apa saja yang dapat terjadi dan menetukan jarak aman (exclusion zone) untuk dilakukan evakuasi jika terjadi kebocoran LNG. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan skenario yang akan terjadi apabila terjadi kebocoran dan menentuka jarak aman bagi para pengendara lainnya dengan menggunakan simulasi ALOHA. Diharapkan hasil yang diperoleh dari simulasi ALOHA dapat menggambarkan keadaan sebenarnya apabila skenario-skenario tersebut terjadi.Beberapa penelitian telah banyak memanfaatkan simulasi ALOHA untuk mengnalisis suatu bahaya yang belum terjadi atau sudah terjadi. Sebagai conto...

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 existence of shrimp paste farmer is supported by activities of auction fish place one of which located Ciparage beach, Karawang-West Java. Perpetrators produced 2 products such as shrimp paste and mixed shrimp paste. Utilization of Rebon shrimp by totality does not need other additives because drying process brings out the color that had itself so final product becomes redness. Involvement of Petek fish almost partially could reduce the color quality so the society used Rhodamine-B dye. This is widely spreading in the area because this matter is distributed by seller directlydoor to door and the price is affordablecheaper. Novelty this research is application of tray dryer with operating temperature variables-40, 50, 60 o C for 7 hours and the presence of Angkak as natural the red pigment that it is safe for human health. The results showed that the optimum condition of drying mixed shrimp paste was achieved by temperature 40 o C. This is not about how much and quickly the moisture that evaporating into the air. Paradigm to chemical composition organoleptic and antioxidant activity-DPPH method also was be consideration for that matter. Physically, this dried product had normal smell, salty taste, brown color, soft texture, solid shape, and normal appearance.

Decreasing of energy consumption for buildings has become a common issue in many countries. This makes rising in the importance of having an effort to conserve the energy use for consumption. Energy audit is a starting point to have the conservation energy effort. With energy audit, the energy consumption pattern of a system could be achieved and the scheme for decreasing energy consumption could be drawn. Higher education institution should be the agent to implement the energy conservation in society. This paper is aim to have energy audit and energy consumption pattern in ITERA especially for building A and B. With the result, a scheme for energy consumption in building A and B is presented. Both building is categorized as efficient enough in its energy consumption. Electrical energy used for air conditioner is the highest energy consumption for both building. Some proposed scheme for reducing energy consumption includes replacement for more energy efficient equipment and a better planning on people's scheduling on each building.

The consumption of diesel fuel in Indonesia is increasing every year, one way to overcome this problem is to use natural bioaditive in the form of essential oils found in Indonesia. Essential oils used in this study are fragrant lemongrass because fragrant lemongrass contains carboxylic compounds (-COOH) [1,2,3]. With the aim of improving engine performance and reducing fuel consumption. This research was conducted by mixing fragrant citronella oil with diesel oil with a percentage of 1%, 0.5% and 0.1% of the total volume. Diesel engines are operated with variations in loading 200, and 2000 W at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The variables measured and calculated in this experiment are power, torque, Break Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC). The results showed that adding citronella oil to diesel fuel with a percentage of 1%, 0.5% and 0.1% significantly reduced fuel consumption by 15.5%, 3.6% and 2.6% respectively. The maximum reduction in fuel consumption reaches 0.055 liters / hour at 200W loading with a bioaditive level of 0.1%. The next study planned is to mix clove oil and citronella oil as bioaditive so that it is expected to reduce fuel consumption and engine corrosion.Abstrak: Konsumsi bahan bakar diesel di indonesia meningkat pada setiap tahunnya, salah satu cara untuk menangulangi Gambar 1. Grafik perbandingan daya dari pemakaian minyak diesel murni berbanding bioaditif sereh wangi.Gambar 2. Grafik perbandingan torsi dari pemakaian minyak diesel murni berbanding bioaditif sereh wangi Gambar 3. Grafik perbandingan BMEP dari pemakaian minyak diesel murni berbanding bioaditif sereh wangi Journal of Science and Applicative Technology Letter