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The immunmodulatory effects of dl-alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) and levamisole on the immune system and some blood parameters of newborn Jersey calves were investigated with the present study. Treatment groups 1, 2 and 3 were injected 13,3 ml isotonic saline solution (0,9% NaCl), 3 mg/kg levamisole HCl and 2000 IU vitamin E weekly, starting at birth until the age of two weeks. Average serum IgM levels of the control, levamisole and vitamin E calves were 111,7 +/- 9,3 mg/100 ml, 251,9 +/- 27,6 mg/100 ml, 202,2 +/- 43,3 mg/100 ml respectively on day 22. Average serum IgG levels of the levamisole and vitamin E groups elevated, compared to the control group on days 1, 8, 15 and 22. However, there were stastistically differences in treatment and control groups for serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride and cortisol values and whole blood counts. All differences were in the reference ranges. Levamisole and vitamin E could be used as an alternative way for their beneficial effects such as improving the humoral immune responses of calves and their safety and practical use against the neonatal period infections in the field.

The protozoan Dientamoeba fragilis is one of the most common parasites in the digestive system of humans worldwide. The host range and transmission routes of D. fragilis, including the role of animals, are still ambiguous with few reports from non‐human primates, sheep, rodents, pigs, a cat and a dog. In this study, we used microscopic and TaqMan qPCR analyses to investigate D. fragilisin 150 faecal samples from pet budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. Dientamoeba fragilis DNA was detected in 32 samples, resulting in a mean prevalence of 21.3%. In microscopic examination, trophozoites/cysts of D. fragilis were detected in 13 of 32 qPCR‐positive samples. SSU rRNA sequence analyses of the qPCR‐positive isolates identified genotype 1 of D. fragilis as predominant in budgerigars. Phylogenetic analyses of the SSU rRNA gene region clustered D. fragilis genotypes, as well as other trichomonads, in separate monophyletic clusters with bootstrap values ≥79.0. Our study provides the first evidence for the natural host status of pet budgerigars for D. fragilisand contributes to the knowledge of the epidemiology of this parasite. The high prevalence of genotype 1 of D. fragilis suggests that pet budgerigars are suitable reservoirs for zoonotic transmission. Our findings contribute to an increased awareness and knowledge of D. fragilis infections in the context of a one‐health approach.

These findings indicate that keratinocytes, histiocytes and fibrocytes in the dermis are positive for IGF-2; they may be a source of the elevated serum IGF-2 levels in dogs with generalized demodicosis.

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Öz: Nötrofil/lenfosit oranı (NEU/LYM), monosit/lenfosit oranı (MONO/LYM), ve platelet/lenfosit oranı (PLT/LYM) inflamasyonun ucuz, tekrar kullanılabilen biyobelirteçlerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma ilk defa parvovirus enfeksiyonu (PVE) şekillenmiş köpeklerde NEU/LYM, MONO/LYM ve PLT/LYM değerlerini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın amacını ise tedavi öncesi PVE ile pozitif köpeklerin NEU/LYM, MONO/LYM ve PLT/LYM değerlerinin, sağlıklı kontrollere göre karşılaştırılması oluşturmuştur. On sekiz sahipli, 2-6 aylık, PVE pozitif köpek, çalışma grubunu oluşturmuştur. Yedi sahipli, 8-10 aylık yaş aralığında sağlıklı köpek ise kontrol grubunu oluşturmuştur. Gruplar arasında tedavi öncesi NEU/LYM, MONO/LYM karşılaştırılmasında PVE pozitif grubu NEU (P<0,001), LYM (P<0,05) değerleri kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak düşük bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte, PVE pozitif grubunda tedavi öncesi PLT/LYM seviyeleri kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak yüksek (P<0,001) tespit edilmiştir. PVE pozitif ve kontrol gruplarında PLT/LYM düzeyleri ise sırasıyla 1120,94 ve 135,26 olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, bu ön çalışma PLT/LYM oranın, PVE ile doğal olarak enfekte köpeklerde kolay, uygun maliyetli, objektif ve invazif olmayan yeni bir prognostik belirteç adayı olabileceğini göstermektedir. NEU/LYM, MONO/LYM, PLT/LYM ile ilgili çalışmaların kısıtlı varlığına rağmen, özellikle veteriner hekimlikte enfeksiyöz hastalıklarda daha ileri çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Encephalitozoon spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are well-known microsporidian pathogens, recently classified as fungi, infecting humans and reptiles, mammals, and birds. Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulates) are the most preferred captive pet birds in the households. Prevalence and molecular data on microsporidian species in budgerigars are scarce worldwide. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and genotypes of Encephalitozoon spp. and E. bieneusi in budgerigars, and to reveal their zoonotic potential. A total of 143 fecal samples were collected from owned healthy budgerigars in Turkey. Encephalitozoon spp. and E. bieneusi were examined by nested PCR targeting the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and sequenced for identifying Encephalitozoon spp. and E. bieneusi. The overall prevalence of E. hellem and E. bieneusi was 14.7% (21/143) and 3.5% (5/143), respectively. Two genotypes of E. hellem were identified, including one known 1A (n = 18) and a novel TURK1B (n = 3). In addition, we determined two E. bieneusi genotypes, including one known N (n = 2) and a novel TURKM1 (n = 3). E. hellem 1A and novel TURK1B clustered as a sister taxon, and genotype N and novel TURKM1 genotypes fall into group 2 of E. bieneusi in the phylogenetic tree. Novel genotypes of E. hellem and E. bieneusi were described for the first time in the avian host. Moreover, E. bieneusi genotype N was first detected in avian hosts in the present study. This study contributes to the current knowledge on the molecular epidemiology and transmission dynamics of E. hellem and E. bieneusi. Lay Summary Spore producing microsporidia are ubiquitous, obligate, and intracellular fungus defined as emerging opportunistic pathogens of humans, livestock, companion animals, wild mammals, birds, and water worldwide. The occurrence of microsporidia in animals could be risky for human public health.