Mushroom glucan and bovine lactoferrin (Lf), known for their immunostimulatory potential, were used as adjuvant in conjunction with a formalin-killed Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine in catla, Catla catla. In vitro antigen-specific responsiveness of catla leucocytes and protective responses against experimental challenge with homologous antigen were monitored following immunization. Antigen-specific proliferation, 'macrophage activating factor' (MAF) production and antibody production were significantly higher in fish injected with glucan adjuvanted vaccine. Lf adjuvanted preparations showed a weak proliferative response and MAF production, although the antibody production was significantly higher than the controls. A good degree of protection was achieved with the glucan adjuvanted vaccine. However, in spite of producing significant anti-A. hydrophila antibody, Lf adjuvanted vaccine did not confer any protection following challenge with A. hydrophila. The potential of adjuvanticity of mushroom glucan and bovine Lf in intraperitoneal vaccination is discussed.
Probiotics, which are considered as live microbial adjunct conferring health benefits to the host, represent a potentially effective strategy for infectious disease control. Nevertheless, there has been growing concerns about safety, applicability and functionality issues associated with the live probiotic microorganisms. Concurrently, recent observations indicate that even the non-viable counterparts of the probiotic organisms, also known as paraprobiotic, can be used to harness similar beneficial effects. Considering the limitations of probiotic application, paraprobiotics constitute a potential alternative strategy for improving health and wellness of fish and shellfish in aquaculture. Eventhough the concept of paraprobiotic is relatively established in higher vertebrate models and related food production sectors, its application in aquaculture is still in its early stage. In light of this, the present review delineates the concept of paraprobiotic, inactivation methods used for its preparation, the role of paraprobiotic in modifying biological responses as well as their potential application in aquaculture.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.