Probiotics, which are considered as live microbial adjunct conferring health benefits to the host, represent a potentially effective strategy for infectious disease control. Nevertheless, there has been growing concerns about safety, applicability and functionality issues associated with the live probiotic microorganisms. Concurrently, recent observations indicate that even the non-viable counterparts of the probiotic organisms, also known as paraprobiotic, can be used to harness similar beneficial effects. Considering the limitations of probiotic application, paraprobiotics constitute a potential alternative strategy for improving health and wellness of fish and shellfish in aquaculture. Eventhough the concept of paraprobiotic is relatively established in higher vertebrate models and related food production sectors, its application in aquaculture is still in its early stage. In light of this, the present review delineates the concept of paraprobiotic, inactivation methods used for its preparation, the role of paraprobiotic in modifying biological responses as well as their potential application in aquaculture.
The aim of the study was to assess the potentiality of an agro-waste (sugarcane bagasse) for removal of the textile dye (Optilan Red) using novel column based filtration unit with a packed column of chemically treated sugarcane bagasse. The treated and untreated sugarcane bagasse (biosorbent) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Effect of initial dye concentration on percentage removal of dye, equilibrium adsorption of sugarcane bagasse, kinetic studies, breakthrough point equilibrium and desorption of dye from the column material were studied. An inverse dependence of initial dye concentration on percent removal of dye was observed, whereas the equilibrium adsorption (q) showed a direct relationship with dye concentration. The time required for reaching breakthrough point was 120 min. Desorption of dye through alkali wash resulted in complete desorption after 1 h washing of the column for its reuse for next cycle. FT-IR analysis shows vibration in valence bands of the hydrogen bond of OH group, and the bands of intra-molecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which results in interaction of treated bagasse with Optilan Red textile dye. The present study showed that more than 93% removal of the dye can be achieved in the concentration range 10-50 ppm (aqueous solution). The removal efficiency of the column remained almost unchanged for the treatment of dye-house wastewater spiked with the dye. The agro-waste based treatment process shows a considerable potential for a low-cost treatment of dye contaminated water.
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