<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Ikan mas (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>) merupakan salah satu jenis ikan yang mempunyai nilai ekonomis tinggi dan banyak dibudidayakan karena mempunyai daya adaptasi yang tinggi terhadap kondisi lingkungan dan makanan yang tersedia.  Permasalahan yang sering muncul pada usaha budidaya ikan yakniadalah pemanfaatan pakan yang belum optimal.Ikan hanya menyerap 25% pakan yang diberikan, sedangkan 75% sisanya menetap sebagai limbah didalam air.Pemuasaan (<em>starving</em>) yang diikuti pemberian pakan yang cukup (<em>satiation level</em>) merupakan salah satu strategi pemberian pakan yang diharapkan bisa menunjang  pertumbuhan yang cepat (<em>compensatory growth</em>),  meningkatkan efektifitas pemanfaatan pakan dan menjaga kualitas air.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh periode pemuasaan terhadap efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan,pertumbuhan, dan kelulushidupan pada ikan mas (<em>C. carpio</em>).Data yang diamati meliputi total konsumsi pakan (TKP), efisiensi pemanfaatan pakan (EPP), rasio konversi pakan(FCR), laju pertumbuhanrelatif (RGR), pertumbuhan panjang mutlak, kelulushidupan (SR) dan kualitas air.Kegiatan penelitian ini dilaksanakanpada bulan April hingga bulan Juli 2017, di Balai Benih Ikan (BBI) Mijen, Semarang.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode experimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) 4 perlakuan dan3 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diujikan adalah pemuasaan pemberian pakan dengan perlakuan A (pemberian pakan setiap hari), B (1 hari dipusakan 1 hari diberi pakan), C (1 hari dipuasakan 2 hari diberi pakan), dan D (1 hari dipuasakan 3 hari diberi pakan).  Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah ikan mas (<em>C. carpio</em>)dengan panjang rata-rata 5,13±0,06 cm dan bobot rata-rata 3,01±0,10g. Pemberian pakan pada pukul 08.00 dan 16.00 secara <em>at satiation</em>.  Ikan uji dipelihara dengan padat tebar 10 ekor/wadah.  Wadah pemeliharaan menggunakan ember bervolume 25 L, dengan lama pemeliharaan 72 hari.  Pakan yang digunakan adalah pakan komersil berupa (<em>pellet</em>) dengan protein 32%.  Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode pemuasaan berpengaruh nyata (P&lt;0,05) terhadap TKP,EPP, FCR, RGR, dan pertumbuhan panjang mutlak, namun tidak berpengaruh nyata (P&gt;0,05) terhadap SR.  Hasil perlakuan A (tanpa dipuasakan) memberikan nilai TKP tertinggi sebesar 126,30±5,25 g, nilai RGR tertinggi sebesar 3,90±0,10%/hari, dan nilai pertumbuhan panjang mutlak tertinggi sebesar 3,96±0,01 cm.  Perlakuan B (dipuasakan 1 hari diikuti pemberian pakan 1 hari) memberikan nilai EPP tertinggi sebesar 76,44±2,46%,dan nilai FCR terrendah sebesar 1,22±0,04.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Kata kunci</strong>:  Pemuasaan, Pemanfaatan Pakan, Pertumbuhan, <em>C</em><em>.</em><em> carpio</em></p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><em>Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was a type of fish which</em><em> has </em><em>an</em><em> economic value and widely cultivated</em><em> because it has high adaptability to every conditions and diet</em><em>ary</em><em>.  The common problem to this cultivation is the feed utilization which is not effectively efficient.  Fish absorbs only about 25% of feed, while the remaining 75% settles as waste in water.  The efforts are done by doing good feeding management.  Starving followed by adequate feeding (station level) is one of the strategies in feeding which is expected to support rapid growth (compensatory growth), increasing the effectiveness of feed utilization and maintaining water quality.The aims</em><em> of this study is</em><em> to examine the influence of the </em><em>starving </em><em>period </em><em>on</em><em> efficiency of feed utilization, growth, and survival in common carp (C. carpio).  Observed data include feed consumption (FC), feed utilization efficiency (EPP), feed conversion ratio (FCR), relative growth rate (RGR), absolute longevity, survival rate (SR) and water quality.This study was conducted in April 2017 until July 2017, at Balai Benih Ikan (BBI) Mijen, Semarang.  </em><em>M</em><em>ethod</em><em> that used in this study was experimental with</em><em>complete randomized design (CRD) 4 treatment and 3 replications</em><em>. Treatment that used in this study wereA</em><em> (</em><em>daily fed</em><em>), B (1</em><em> day starved, 1 day is fed</em><em>), C (1</em><em> day starved </em><em>2</em><em> day is fed</em><em>), and D (1</em><em> day is starved </em><em>3</em><em> day is fed</em><em>).  The fish</em><em> that used were</em><em> common carp (C. carpio) </em><em>with an average length </em><em>5,13±0,06 cm and </em><em>weight </em><em>3,01±0,10 g.  </em><em>Feeding time was on 08.00 and 16.00 withatsatiation method</em><em>.  </em><em>The fish was cultured with density 10</em><em> fish/</em><em>tank</em><em>.  </em><em>The water tank for treatment has a volume of 25 L.Treatment was done for 72 days.The feed used was commercial feed with </em><em>32</em><em>% protein</em><em>.  The results showed that starving with different periods had significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on FC, EPP, FCR, RGR, and absolute longevity, but no significant effect (P&gt; 0.05) on SR.  Results of treatment A (no starving) gave the highest TKP score of 126,30±5,25 g, the highest RGR value of 3,90±0,10%/day, and the highest absolute longest growth value of 3,96±0,01 cm.  Treatment B (1 day feed followed by 1 day feeding) gave the highest EPP score of 76,44±2,46%, and the lowest FCR value was 1,22±0,04.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Starvation, Feed Utilization, Growth, C. carpio</em>

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The success of intensive striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) cultivation requires quality feed that contains not only protein according to fish needs but also a complete essential amino acid profile to support the fish growth. One solution to overcome this problem is done through the addition of lysine in the feed commercial. This study aimed to examine the effect of lysine addition on the efficiency of feed utilization, growth and body composition of striped catfish (P. hypophthalmus). The study consisted of 4 (four) treatments those were with dosages of  0% / kg of feed (A); 0.6% / kg of feed (B); 1.2% / kg of feed (C); and 2.4% / kg of feed (D)  of lysine for every kg of feed.  The experimental diet in this study was a commercial feed in the form of pellets which was added with the lysine. A fixed feeding rate of 5%/weight of biomass/day was applied at frequency 3 times a day. The experimental fish used were striped catfish fingerling has an average weight of 4.13 ± 0.26 g/individuals. The results showed that the addition 1,2% / kg of lysine to the diet increased SGR, EFU, FCR, PER and protein content of the body composition of striped catfish.

This study aims to examine the effect of phytase enzyme in the diet on digestibility of growth of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) raised in intensive system culture. Research on the suplementation of phytase enzymes in L. vannamei diet is very important to hydrolyze phytic acid in vegetable ingredients as a source of diet protein so as to increase the efficiency of diet utilization to support growth of vaname shrimp. The shrimp used in the research had average weight of 1,19±0,06 g/shrimp.  The diet contained 38% of protein and 3200 Kcal DE/kg with various doses of phytase enzyme suplementation, namely: A (0 U/kg diet), B (500 U/kg diet), C (1000 U/kg diet) and D (1500 U/kg diet).  Observed parameters were digestibility of phosphore (ADCF), disgetibility of protein (ADCP), efficiency of diet utilitzation (EFU), protein efficiency ratio (PER), diet convesion ratio (FCR) relative growth rate (RGR), and survival rate (SR).  The suplementation of phytase enzyme in the diet significantly influenced (P<0.01) on ADCF, ADCP, EFU, PER, FCR, RGR; however, it did not significantly influence on SR of white shrimp.  The best treatment result was the suplementation of 1000 U/kg diet phytase enzyme (treatment C). The optimum dose of phytase enzyme in the diet was 867, 920, 923, 915, 1000 and 1000 U/kg of diet respectively for ADCF, ADCP, EFU, PER, FCR, RGR. Based on those result the suplementation of phytase enzyme can increase the growth of white shrimp.

A new culture system is introduced to maximize diet usage for growth of Catfish (Pangasius hypothalamus). The new culture system is by incorporating Saccharomyces cerevisiae into the feed. It aims to increase feed efficiency; in turn it increases the growth of fish. The objective of the research is to know the effects of S. cereviceae incorporated diet on growth performance, apparent digestibility coefficient of protein and survival rate of catfish (P. hypothalamus). The average wight of fish used in the study were 4.02 ± 0.22 g. The study used experimental method with completely random design, with 4 (four) treatments and each treatment had 4 (four) replications. The treatments were 4 different dosages of S. cerevisiae addition in the diet, i.e; 0 g per kg feed (A), 0.5 g per kg feed (B), 1 g per kg feed (C) and 2 g per kg feed (D). The results show that the incorporated of S. cerevisiae in feed has significant effect (P<0.05) on the specific growth rate (SGR), apparent digestibility coefficient of protein (ADC P) and survival rate (SR) of the catfish (P. hypothalamus) fingerlings. The optimum dosages of S. cerevisiae for SGR, ADC P and SR of the Catfish (P. hypothalamus) fingerlings ranged from 1 to 1.08 g/kg feed.

The success of the intensive culture of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) highly depends on the availability of feed. The feed is the most significant share of cost production hamper (50-60%). Therefore, it is suggested that feed utilization is inefficient. One of the solutions is to enrich the commercial feed with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The research aimed to identify the impacts of yeast (S. cerevisiae) enhanced feed on feed efficiency, growth, and survival rate of Sangkuriang catfish fingerlings. The treatments research was yeast (S. cerevisiae) enrichment in the commercial feed at the various dosages: 0 %/kg feed (A), 3 %/kg feed (B), 6 %/kg feed (C), 9 %/kg feed (D), and 12 %/kg feed (E). The yeast (S. cerevisiae) enrichment in the commercial feed increased feed efficiency and survival rate of Sangkuriang catfish fingerlings. The optimum dosage of S. cerevisiae for apparent digestibility coefficients for protein (ADCp), efficiency feed utilization (EFU), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and relative growth rate (RGR) ranged from 6.10% to 6.51%/kg feed.

The study aimed to assess the effects of Papain Enzyme Supplement in Feed on Protein Digestibity, Growth and Survival Rate of  Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias sp).  Fingerlings used in the study were acquired from the Center for Freshwater Hatchery and Aquaculture, Muntilan, Central Java, Indonesia. The fingerlings had average weight of 3.43±0.50 g/fish. Completely Randomized Design was used in the experiments with 5 (five) treatment and 3 (three) repetitions. The experimental feed contained 31% of protein and 252.06 Kcal/g of energy. Various doses of the addition of papain enzyme were incorporated into the feed, those doses were A (0 g/kg feed), B (2 g/kg feed), C (4 g/kg feed), D (6 g/kg feed) and E (8 g/kg feed).  Parameters of digestibility of protein (ADCP), relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), survival rate (SR) and water quality were evaluated.  The papain enzyme supplement significantly (P<0.01) influenced on ADCp, RGR, EFU, FCR, and PER, otherwise SR of catfish was insignificantly affected by the papain enzyme supplement. The best treatment result was the addition of 6/kg feed papain enzyme (treatment D). The study concluded that the optimum dose of the papain enzyme supplement for ADCp, EFU, FCR, PER and RGR were 5.65, 5.62, 6.0, 5.66, 6.0  g/kg feed respectively. Water quality during study was still in favorable condition for nurturing Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias sp).

The high consumer demand in Indonesia encourages catfish farmers to conduct an intensive culture. A low feed efficiency mainly occurs in cultivating Sangkuriang catfish resulting in poor growth. This condition might be caused by low lysine content, as lysine is an essential amino acid that the fish cannot synthesize. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of lysine supplementation in feed on protein digestibility, feed efficiency, and growth of Sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus var. Sangkuriang) fingerlings. The study used 270 Sangkuriang catfish with an average wet weight of 7.54 ± 0.13 g/fish. The experimental feed contained protein, energy, and amino acid, and then various doses of lysine were added to the experimental feed: (1) 0.0%, (2) 0.5%, (3) 1.0%, (4) 1.5%, (5) 2.0%, and (6) 2.5%. Weight gain (WG), protein digestibility (ADCp), the efficiency of feed utilization (EFU), relative growth rate (RGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein retention (PR) of catfish were evaluated for 8 weeks. The results found that the supplementation of lysine in feed significantly (P < 0.05) influenced WG, ADCp, EFU, RGR, FCR, PER, and PR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. However, there was no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the SR of Sangkuriang catfish fingerling. The supplementation of 1% lysine/kg feed was the optimal dose to improve the feed efficiency and growth of Sangkuriang catfish fingerlings by 83.79% and 3.94%/day, respectively. Therefore, the supplementation of lysine could increase Sangkuriang catfish production.