BackgroundNausea and vomiting in pregnancy is usually called ‘morning sickness’. This is felt by sufferers to trivialise the condition. Symptoms have been described as occurring both before and after noon, but daily symptom patterns have not been clearly described and statistically modelled to enable the term ‘morning sickness’ to be accurately analysed.AimTo describe the daily variation in nausea and vomiting symptoms during early pregnancy in a group of sufferers.Design and settingA prospective cohort study of females recruited from 15 May 2014 to 17 February 2017 by Swiss Precision Diagnostics (SPD) Development Company Limited, which was researching hormone levels in early pregnancy and extended its study to include the description of pregnancy symptoms.MethodDaily symptom diaries of nausea and vomiting were kept by females who were trying to conceive. They also provided daily urine samples, which when analysed enabled the date of ovulation to be determined. Data from 256 females who conceived during the first month of the study are included in this article. Daily symptom patterns and changes in daily patterns by week of pregnancy were modelled. Functional data analysis was used to produce estimated symptom probability functions.ResultsThere was a peak probability of nausea in the morning, a lower but sustained probability of nausea throughout the day, and a slight peak in the evening. Vomiting had a defined peak incidence in the morning.ConclusionReferring to nausea and vomiting in pregnancy as simply ‘morning sickness’ is inaccurate, simplistic, and therefore unhelpful.
BackgroundA group of Russian scientists has developed Diaskintest, which comprises Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific recombinant proteins CFP10-ESAT6, for skin testing (0.2 μg/0.1 ml).Study purposeTo evaluate the comparative sensitivity of TST with 2 TU PPD-L and a skin test with tuberculous recombinant allergen (Diaskintest) containing the ESAT6-CFP10 protein in children and adolescents with newly diagnosed active tuberculosis during mass screening in the primary medical service in Moscow.Materials and methodsThe trial was a comprehensive retrospective group study of children and adolescents diagnosed in Moscow with active tuberculosis in 2013–2016, aged 0 to 17 years inclusive.ResultsFrom 441 patients selected for analysis 408 patients had both tests (TST with 2 TU PPD-L and Diaskintest) performed, in 193 patients both tests were given simultaneously, of them 162 patients were BCG-vaccinated. Comparative results of both tests in 408 patients with tuberculosis: at cut-off ≥ 5 mm, both tests has similar sensitivity: Diaskintest 98.3% (95% CI 97.0–99.6%), TST 98.0% (95% CI 96.7–99.4%), at cut-off ≥10 mm, the sensitivity decreases for both tests: Diaskintest 90.0% (95% CI 87.0–93.0%), TST 88.7% (95% CI 85.6–91.9%), but at cut-off ≥ 15 mm, the decrease in sensitivity is statistically significant: for Diaskintest 61.5% (95% CI 56.7–66.3%), and for TST 46.3% (95% CI 41.4–51.3%), p <0.0001.The results of simultaneous setting of tests on different hands in 193 people (including 162 BCG-vaccinated), do not differ from the results for 408 people.The correlation between the results of Diaskintest and TST was significant in all groups.ConclusionIn children and adolescents with active tuberculosis, Diaskintest of 0.2 μg/ml and the Mantoux test with 2 TU PPD-L have high sensitivity (98%) at a cut-off of 5 mm; however, at cut-off ≥ 15 mm sensitivity is significantly reduced, and the decrease is more pronounced in the Mantoux test. The advantage of Diaskintest is that, unlike the Mantoux test, it has high specificity under the conditions of mass BCG vaccination. The test is simple to carry out, and can be used in mass screening.
ГБУЗ «Московский городской научно-практический центр борьбы с туберкулезом Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы», Москва, РФ Цель: определить эффективность и безопасность режимов химиотерапии, включающих бедаквилин, у больных туберкулезом органов дыхания в условиях повседневной клинической практики при минимальных критериях невключения пациентов.Материалы и методы. В проспективном открытом нерандомизированном одноцентровом исследовании у 315 больных изучены эффективность и безопасность режимов химиотерапии туберкулеза, основанных на первоочередном назначении бедаквилина, линезолида, левофлоксацина/моксифлоксацина и циклосерина/теризидона. Длительность наблюдения за пациентами составила не менее 24 мес., широкая лекарственная устойчивость микобактерий туберкулеза (МБТ) имела место у 52,4%, большинство пациентов (50,8%) имело неэффективный предыдущий курс лечения, серьезная сопутствующая патология выявлена у 89,5% пациентов.Результаты исследования. У 104 пациентов длительность приема бедаквилина была ограничена стандартными 24 нед., у 42 -продлена до 36 нед., у 56 -до 48 нед., а 94 пациента получали бедаквилин более 48 нед. Увеличение длительности приема бедаквилина свыше 24 нед. обеспечило достоверное повышение эффективности лечения (вне зависимости от спектра лекарственной устойчивости МБТ) с 66,2% (95%-ный ДИ 54,4-77,9%) до 84,3% (95%-ный ДИ 80,0-89,7%). Отмечена хорошая переносимость используемых режимов: серьезные нежелательные побочные реакции (НПР) отмечены только у 27,6% пациентов, причем вклад бедаквилина в их развитие не является существенным (отмена бедаквилина из-за НПР потребовалась в 2,2% случаев). Спектр НПР практически не отличается от такового при использовании только традиционных противотуберкулезных препаратов.
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