European Society of Anaesthesiology.

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) are specially designed multimodal perioperative care pathways which are intended to attain and improve rapid recovery after surgical interventions by supporting preoperative organ function and attenuating the stress response caused by surgical trauma, allowing patients to get back to normal activities as soon as possible. Evidence-based protocols are prepared and published to implement the conception of ERAS. Although they vary amongst health care institutions, the main three elements (preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative components) remain the cornerstones. Postoperative pain influences the quality and length of the postoperative recovery period, and later, the quality of life. Therefore, the optimal postoperative pain management (PPM) applying multimodal analgesia (MA) is one of the most important components of ERAS. The main purpose of this article is to discuss the concept of MA in PPM, particularly reviewing the use of opioid-sparing measures such as paracetamol, nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), other adjuvants, and regional techniques.

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NIRS plays an important role in the clinical care of TBI patients. Regional brain saturation monitoring provides accurate predictive data, which can improve the allocation of scarce medical resources, set the treatment goals and alleviate the early communication with patients' relatives.

The goal of the intensive care management of a neurosurgical patient is to preserve adequate cerebral perfusion, oxygenation and metabolism in order to prevent secondary neurological injury. In preventing secondary neurological insults interventions must be started early. For many years conventional methods of neuromonitoring have proved their efficacy. However, their sensitivity in detecting subtle metabolic derangements in the real time manner is low and the valuable time for the appropriate treatment is lost. In recent years, there are numerous study data suggesting that implying of advanced neuromonitoring techniques can improve outcomes. Moreover, it helps to guide goal-directed therapy. Although data on advanced neuromonitoring are preliminary and mostly observational, the number of modern neurosurgical centers applying it as a standard is high. With the increasing technical possibilities, the concept of multimodal neuromonitoring is of increasing popularity. Multimodal neuromonitoring allows continuous real time assessment of cerebral perfusion, oxygenation, metabolism and global function which makes it attractive and promising in clinical practice.