It
has previously been shown that ex situ phosphorus-doped polycrystalline
silicon on silicon oxide (poly-Si/SiO
x
) passivating contacts can suffer a pronounced surface passivation
degradation when subjected to a firing treatment at 800 °C or
above. The degradation behavior depends strongly on the processing
conditions, such as the dielectric coating layers and the firing temperature.
The current work further studies the firing stability of poly-Si contacts
and proposes a mechanism for the observed behavior based on the role
of hydrogen. Secondary ion mass spectrometry is applied to measure
the hydrogen concentration in the poly-Si/SiO
x
structures after firing at different temperatures and after
removing hydrogen by an anneal in nitrogen. While it is known that
a certain amount of hydrogen around the interfacial SiO
x
can be beneficial for passivation, surprisingly,
we found that the excess amount of hydrogen can deteriorate the poly-Si
passivation and increase the recombination current density parameter J
0. The presence of excess hydrogen is evident
in selected poly-Si samples fired with silicon nitride (SiN
x
), where the injection of additional hydrogen to
the SiO
x
interlayer leads to further degradation
in the J
0, while removing hydrogen fully
recovers the surface passivation. In addition, the proposed model
explains the dependence of firing stability on the crystallite properties
and the doping profile, which determine the effective diffusivity
of hydrogen upon firing and hence the amount of hydrogen around the
interfacial SiO
x
after firing.
Defects
and impurities in silicon limit carrier lifetimes and the
performance of solar cells. This work explores the use of fluorine
to passivate defects in silicon for solar cell applications. We present
a simple method to incorporate fluorine atoms into the silicon bulk
and interfaces by annealing samples coated with thin thermally evaporated
fluoride overlayers. It is found that fluorine incorporation does
not only improve interfaces but can also passivate bulk defects in
silicon. The effect of fluorination is observed to be comparable to
hydrogenation, in passivating grain boundaries in multicrystalline
silicon, improving the surface passivation quality of phosphorus-doped
poly-Si-based passivating contact structures, and recovering boron–oxygen-related
light-induced degradation in boron-doped Czochralski-grown silicon.
Our results highlight the possibility to passivate defects in silicon
without using hydrogen and to combine fluorination and hydrogenation
to further improve the overall passivation effect, providing new opportunities
to improve solar cell performance.
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