The organic solar cell (OSC) is a promising emerging low‐cost thin film photovoltaics technology. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs has overpassed 16% for single junction and 17% for organic–organic tandem solar cells with the development of low bandgap organic materials synthesis and device processing technology. The main barrier of commercial use of OSCs is the poor stability of devices. Herein, the factors limiting the stability of OSCs are summarized. The limiting stability factors are oxygen, water, irradiation, heating, metastable morphology, diffusion of electrodes and buffer layers materials, and mechanical stress. The recent progress in strategies to increase the stability of OSCs is surveyed, such as material design, device engineering of active layers, employing inverted geometry, optimizing buffer layers, using stable electrodes and encapsulation materials. The International Summit on Organic Photovoltaic Stability guidelines are also discussed. The potential research strategies to achieve the required device stability and efficiency are highlighted, rendering possible pathways to facilitate the viable commercialization of OSCs.

Photovoltaic is one of the promising renewable sources of power to meet the future challenge of energy need. Organic and perovskite thin film solar cells are an emerging cost-effective photovoltaic technology because of low-cost manufacturing processing and their light weight. The main barrier of commercial use of organic and perovskite solar cells is the poor stability of devices. Encapsulation of these photovoltaic devices is one of the best ways to address this stability issue and enhance the device lifetime by employing materials and structures that possess high barrier performance for oxygen and moisture. The aim of this review paper is to find different encapsulation materials and techniques for perovskite and organic solar cells according to the present understanding of reliability issues. It discusses the available encapsulate materials and their utility in limiting chemicals, such as water vapour and oxygen penetration. It also covers the mechanisms of mechanical degradation within the individual layers and solar cell as a whole, and possible obstacles to their application in both organic and perovskite solar cells. The contemporary understanding of these degradation mechanisms, their interplay, and their initiating factors (both internal and external) are also discussed.

No abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) overpassing 25% have proved to be the most promising competitor for the next‐generation photovoltaic technology. Massive efforts are devoted to the improvement of the performance and stability of PSCs, whereas the hole transport layer (HTL) has attracted significant interest. Among diverse hole transport materials, poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine (PTAA) is one of the most promising candidates due to its ease of fabrication, transparency to visible light, mechanical flexibility, conductivity, and stability. Over the past few years, there has been an increasing amount of research using PTAA as the HTL first in n–i–p and then in p–i–n PSCs with extended applications in flexible, large‐area, and tandem devices. Herein, a progress review on PTAA for PSC applications is provided, which enables a better understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of PTAA, as well as the approaches to fully realizing its tremendous potential. The emerging and promising research directions for PTAA‐based PSCs are discussed, shedding light on the practical applications of PTAA.

Tin oxide (SnO 2 ) has been reported as a promising electron transport layer (ETL) for planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This work reports a low temperature solution-processed bilayer SnO 2 as an efficient ETL in gas-quenched planar-heterojunction methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI 3 ) perovskite solar cells. SnO 2 nanoparticles were employed to fill the pin-holes of sol−gel SnO 2 layer and form a smooth and compact bilayer structure. The PCE of bilayer devices has increased by 30% compared with sol− gel reference device and the J sc , V oc , and FF has been improved simultaneously. The superior performance of bilayer SnO 2 is attributed to the reduced current leakage, enhanced electron extraction characteristics, and mitigated the trapassisted interfacial recombination via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and space-charge limited current−voltage (SCLC) analysis.