Introduction. The pathogenesis of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19 is being actively studied. Nevertheless, our up-to-date knowledge of lymphoid tissue response in the secondary immune organs dur-ing severe COVID-19 remains extremely limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate patterns of immu-nomorphological alterations in lymph nodes in patients with severe COVID-19 and to assess lymphocytes functional activity in them. Materials and methods. Lymph node tissue (autopsy material) from 17 deceased patients with severe COVID-19 was examined by histological and immunohistochemical methods using antibodies to CD4, CD8, CD20, CD30, CD123, CD138, PD-1. Results. Examined lymph nodes demonstrated lymphoid follicles reduction and paracortex expansion with reactive plasmacytosis and extrafollicular B-cell activation as well as sinus histiocytosis, variable hemophago-cytic cells, and blood vessel congestion. Red thrombi were observed in some lymph nodes. Hemorrhages in the stroma were frequent, and massive hemorrhages were found in individual nodes. Immunohistochemical study revealed CD4+ T-helpers predominance in the paracortex andcytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes depletion together with an increase in the expression of both the PD-1 suppressor protein and the CD30 activation anti-gen on the lymphocyte surface. CD123-positive plasmacytoid dendritic cells resided in sinuses in abundance. Conclusion. Demonstrated B-associated zone reduction and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes depletion with an up-regulation of PD-1 expression in the lymph nodes in patients with severe COVID-19 indicate immune response exhaustion. At the same time, observed significant reactive plasmacytosis with the presence of numerous T-helper cells constitutes a morphological substrate of the humoral immunity. These findings might indicate the ineffec-tiveness of the humoral response at late stages of COVID-19 infection in context of cytotoxic immunity failure. Keywords: novel coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, B- and T- immune response, lymph node
Mediastinal gray-zone lymphoma (MGZL, lymphoma with features intermediate between classical Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma) was declared as a separate entity in WHO classification of Tumors of Haematopoetic and Lymphoid Tissues in 2008 and 2017 years. Despite of similar pathomorphological characteristics between primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma, clinical features and optimal therapeutic approach to MGZL are not clearly defined. Usually MGZL manifests with mediastinal lymphadenopathy, although extranodal lesions often occur (grey-zone lymphoma, GZL). Patients with MGZL have unfavorable prognosis, taking into account high rate of relapse. This article describes two cases of MGZL. First case manifested by arrhythmias due to primary heart involvement. In spite of cardiac failure antracycline-containing chemotherapy (6 courses of R-DA-EPOCH) it allowed to achieve a complete remission and resolving of arrhythmias. Second case was represented by metachronous tumors: primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma at the time of disease onset and classical Hodgkin lymphoma, NS II, diagnosed after disease progression. Thus, we demonstrated two examples of MGZL that differ by clinical manifestation, response to chemotherapy, which emphasizes an importance of pathogenesis studying, and using of new therapeutic approaches.
Primary myelofibrosis is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that occurs de novo, characterized by clonal proliferation of stem cells, abnormal expression of cytokines, bone marrow fibrosis, hepatosplenomegaly as a result of extramedullary hematopoiesis, symptoms of tumor intoxication, cachexemia, peripheral blood leukoerythroblastosis, leukemic progression and low survival. Primary myelofibrosis is a chronic incurable disease. The aims of therapy: preventing progression, increasing overall survival, improving quality of life. The choice of therapeutic tactics is limited. Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the only method that gives a chance for a cure. The role of mutations in a number of genes in the early identification of candidates for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is being actively studied. The article describes the clinical case of the detection ofASXL1gene mutations in a patient with prefibrous primary myelofibrosis. The diagnosis was established on the basis of WHO criteria 2016. The examination revealed a mutation ofASXL1. Interferon alfa therapy is carried out, against the background of which clinico-hematological remission has been achieved. Despite the identified mutation, the patient is not a candidate for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Given the unfavorable prognostic value of theASXL1mutation, the patient is subject to active dynamic observation and aggressive therapeutic tactics when signs of disease progression appear.
РЕФЕРАТ Цель. Изучение структуры Ph-негативных миелопролиферативных заболеваний (МПЗ Ph-) и выявление морфологических признаков для диагностики маскированной истинной полицитемии (ИП). Материалы и методы. На основании базы данных патологоанатомического отделения ФГБУ «НМИЦ гематологии» МЗ РФ исследованных трепанобиоптатов костного мозга, охватывающих период с января 2014 г. по июнь 2017 г., проанализированы случаи диагностики МПЗ Ph-. Исследованию подвергнуты трепанобиоптаты пациентов, проходивших обследование и лечение в НМИЦ гематологии, и пациентов из других медицинских учреждений Российской Федерации с учетом клинико-лабораторных и молекулярных данных. Результаты. У 1611 пациентов с МПЗ Ph-преобладала ИП, которая составила 40,6 % всех наблюдений. В группе с установленной ИП маскированная форма диагностирована у 29 % пациентов. Первичный миелофиброз (ПМФ) диагностирован в 26,6 % всех наблюдений, включая 10 % случаев с префиброзной/ранней стадией. На 3-м месте по частоте оказалась эссенциальная тромбоцитемия (ЭТ), составившая 16 %. Драйверная мутация гена JAK2 выявлена у всех 654 больных ИП. Из них в 4 случаях обнаружена мутация в экзоне 12. Аналогичная мутация имела место при ПМФ (53 %) и ЭТ (60 %). У 36 % пациентов с ПМФ и 27 % -с ЭТ обнаружена мутация CALR. Мутация MPL выявлена в 4 % наблюдений при ПМФ и отсутствовала при ЭТ. Пациенты с тройным негативным статусом составили 7 % при ПМФ и 13 % при ЭТ. Частота диагностики нозологии «миелопролиферативное заболевание, неклассифицируемое» составила 16,8 %. В работе рассматриваются критерии морфологической диагностики маскированной ИП при исследовании трепанобиоптатов костного мозга. У 30 % пациентов с маскированной ИП (по критериям ВОЗ 2017 г.), протекающей со спленомегалией (> 14 см), выявлены тромбозы сосудов портальной системы. Заключение. В группе МПЗ Ph-по частоте диагностики ИП была на 1-м месте (40,6 %). При гистологическом ис- MYELOID TUMORSABSTRACT Aim. To study the structure of Ph-negative myeloproliferative diseases (Ph-MPD) and to identify morphological markers for diagnosing masked polycythemia vera (PV). provided the basis for analyzing the diagnosed Ph-MPD cases. The trial included the bone marrow core biopsy samples of the patients treated and followed-up not only at the National Research Center for Hematology but also at other medical centers in the Russian Federation in the context of clinical, laboratory and molecular data. Results. In 1611 Ph-MPD patients PV prevailed corresponding to 40.6 % of all cases. In the PV group the masked form was diagnosed in 29 % of patients. Primary myelofi brosis (PMF) was diagnosed in 26.6 % of all patients including 10 % of cases with pre-fi brosis/early stage. The 3d most frequent disorder was essential thrombocythemia (ET) which corresponded to 16 %. JAK2 driver mutation was identifi ed in all 654 PV patients. In 4 cases out of them exon 12 mutation was detected. A similar mutation was found out in PMF (53 %) and ET (60 %). In 36 % of PMF patients and 27 % of ET patients CALR mutation was detected. MPL mutati...
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is an extremely rare hematologic malignancy. Our view of the cellular origins of this kind of tumor has been changing dramatically with the emergence of new data on the molecular biological and immunological characteristics of the tumor. This article discusses the clinical features of BPDCN, as well as the cytological, morphological-immunological and molecular genetic criteria for BPDCN diagnosis. Taking into account the rare incidence of BPDCN, as well as its rather complex diagnostic procedure, which requires an extended diagnostic antibody panel, standard methods of therapy have not been developed. Chemotherapy protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia are used, with/without subsequent autologous/allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, but the results remain unsatisfactory. For the first time in Russian cancer research, this article provides a description of BPDCN in a 14-year-old child. A detailed clinical analysis of this rare tumor is provided, as well as dermatoscopy results and a description of the histological, immunological and molecular features of BPDCN, from the point of view of differential diagnosis. Parents patients agreed to use personal data in research and publications.
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