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Hepatitis virus(es) and continuous alcohol consumption are important causes of ACLF caused by acute hepatic insults. HEV-ACLF has lower mortality. OF is an important prognostic predictor.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) afflicts extremely low birth weight neonates, and probiotics reduces its incidence and severity. NO is involved in the pathogenesis of NEC, and caveolin-1 regulates NO signaling. We tested the hypothesis that intestinal caveolin-1 and NOS are deficient in formula-fed neonatal rats and that supplementation with "Florastar Kids" and/or galactooligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides preserves caveolin-1 and NOS. At birth (P0), neonatal rat pups were maternally fed or hand-gavaged with or without supplemented formula. Samples from the terminal ileum were analyzed for total NO metabolites, growth factors, and gene expression of caveolin-1, NOS isoforms, and antioxidants. Our data showed that formula feeding with and without supplementation resulted in significant growth restriction. Despite suboptimal nutrition, growth factors involved in intestinal repair and regeneration were increased in the neonatal rat ileum. Caveolin-1, endothelial NOS, and neuronal NOS were simultaneously downregulated with formula feeding while inducible NOS was upregulated. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were up-regulated with supplementation. These data provide a probable mechanism for the benefits of supplemented formula for decreasing the severity of NEC by preserving the antioxidant systems. (Pediatr Res 67: 526-531, 2010)

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In chronic poststroke hemiparetic subjects, the computed MCID of FMA-LE is a score of 6. The subjects who achieve a change in a score of 6 on FMA-LE would perceive a meaningful recovery of lower-extremity function than those who do not. The reference value may be utilized in stroke rehabilitation.

a b s t r a c tBackground: Cervical spondylosis is essentially a degenerative disorder common after

extended early antibiotic exposure in the neonatal intensive care unit is associated with an increased risk for the development of late-onset sepsis (LoS). However, few studies have examined the mechanisms involved. We sought to determine how the neonatal microbiome and intestinal immune response is altered by transient early empiric antibiotic exposure at birth. neonatal mice were transiently exposed to broad-spectrum antibiotics from birth for either 3-(SE) or 7-days (LE) and were examined at 14-days-old. We found that mice exposed to either SE or LE showed persistent expansion of Proteobacteria (2 log difference, P < 0.01). Further, LE mice demonstrated baseline translocation of E. coli into the liver and spleen and were more susceptible K. pneumoniae-induced sepsis. Le mice had a significant and persistent decrease in type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) in the lamina propria. Reconstitution of the microbiome with mature microbiota by gavage in Le mice following antibiotic exposure resulted in an increase in ILC3 and partial rescue from LOS. We conclude that prolonged exposure to broad spectrum antibiotics in the neonatal period is associated with persistent alteration of the microbiome and innate immune response resulting in increased susceptibility to infection that may be partially rescued by microbiome reconstitution. Seventy five percent of preterm babies admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) receive antibiotics empirically 1,2. Empiric antibiotics are generally broad-spectrum and prescribed based on risk assessment and not direct evidence of infection. The majority of infants in the NICU are exposed to transient antibiotics from birth that ranges from 2 to 7 days. Prolonged empiric antibiotics, lasting more than 2 days, are administered to approximately 35% to 50% of infants with a low gestational age 3. Many babies born prematurely are also exposed to antibiotics in utero just prior to birth. Several clinical studies have demonstrated that exposure to transient early antibiotics in the NICU can increase the risk for development of late-onset sepsis (LOS) 1,2,4,5. LOS is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the NICU 5,6. Alteration of the intestinal microbiome and innate immune response may play an important role in increasing the risk for LOS in preterm infants. Early normal bacterial colonization is important for normal development of the gut 7 : strengthening and promoting gut barrier integrity 8,9 , protecting against pathogens 10 and regulating host immunity 11-13. Establishment of the microbiome during the neonatal period depends on multiple factors, including mode of delivery, breast versus formula feeding, gestational age, infant hospitalization, maternal diet and antibiotic use by the infant 14,15. While antibiotics are beneficial for treating human bacterial infections, even

Objective. To study if Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in rehabilitation (a field where complex interventions prevail) published in main journals include all the details needed to replicate the intervention in clinical practice (clinical replicability).Study Design and Setting. Forty-seven rehabilitation clinicians of 5 professions from 7 teams (Belgium,