The facade of the building is the first thing that is visible to potential visitors. In case of restaurants, the facade of the building will give an impression of service, quality, and atmosphere of the restaurant in it so that a restaurant needs something that could represent the concept of the restaurant to be displayed [1]. Restaurants that use heritage buildings as their trading places can be very commercially unique. Generally, they already have concepts that are related to culture and creativity [2]. However, the regulations regarding the adaptation of building functions will still apply to them. For example, the prohibitions in changing the physical structure of buildings which affect the applications of the facade lighting designs, so that artificial lighting in commercial heritage buildings requires special treatment as it must follow the preservation rules. This study aims to analyze the principles and techniques of lighting in restaurant facades of heritage buildings which also accommodate the commercial facade elements. This is a qualitative study based on the survey and interviews with the potential customers. This study uses Café Batavia in Kota Tua area and Tugu Kuntskring Paleis located in Menteng as case studies.
Literacy cannot be separated from language skills. The most basic language skills are the ability to compose meaningful utterances. For that purpose, a proper understanding of the sentence-forming elements and their functions is needed. Unfortunately, the definitions of the two sentence element functions, namely objects and complements, in KBBI still overlap. The overlapping definition can confuse language users. This paper aims to clarify the differences between object and complement and to correct the inaccuracies in the definition of these two words. Thus, the definition of each of the two functions becomes more appropriate and easily understood by Indonesian language learners. This research was conducted with a functionalism approach through the analysis of syntactic and semantic functions, by paying attention to lexicographic principles. The analysis was carried out on six naturally occurring sentences. The sentences are taken from the Indonesian web corpus. The results of the data analysis in this study indicate that objects and complements are indeed different. From these differences clear and non-overlapping boundaries are obtained.
There are a significant number of lexical borrowings from Arabic language to Indonesian language. Among of them are the words jahanam and hijrah. These words are diachronically can be traced and found in literatures and religious texts. This paper seeks to scrutinize the semantic change of jahanam and hijrah. This paper analyses jahanam and hijrah as they are used in both old manuscripts and modern texts. To see their semantic change behaviour, collocation and concordance of their contexts were analysed. The manuscripts employed as the source of research data were taken from the Malay Concordance Project (MCP) which comprises of 165 classical Malay literatures containing some Islamic texts, Corpora Collection Leipzig University, and WebCorp Live Birmingham City University. Using the corpus linguistics method, this research manages to demonstrate how words change semantically through time. The results of this study can be used as material for the preparation of the Indonesian-Arabic etymology dictionary.
Indonesian lexicon comprises numerous loanwords which some of them already exist since the 7th century. The large number of loanwords is the reason why many dictionaries of Indonesian etymology available today contain merely the origin of the words. Meanwhile, there are several aspects in a word etymology that can be studied and presented in a dictionary, such as the change in a word form and in its meaning. This article seeks to demonstrate the use of corpora in identifying the etymological information of Malay words from diachronic corpora and to figure out the semantic change of the Malay words undergo from time to time until they turn out to be Indonesian lexicon. More specifically, two selected Malay words were examined: bersiram and peraduan. By exploring data resources from the corpus of Malay Concordance Project and Leipzig Corpora, this study attempts to collect etymological information of Indonesian lexicon originated from Malay by employing a corpus based research. The findings show that the examined words have changed in meaning through generalization and metaphor. However, unlike the word bersiram, the change that the word peraduan happened only occurs in semantic level. This information, ultimately, can be used as informative data for a more comprehensive Indonesian etymology dictionary. Drawing on corpus analysis, this paper addresses the importance use of diachronic corpora in tracing words origin.Keywords: diachronic corpora, etymology, corpus analysis, semantic change, Malay-Indonesian
The global era has led to fairly rapid changes in language. Many words have become obsolete. There are also many words whose meanings have become irrelevant nowadays. Unfortunately, in Indonesian dictionaries, especially in the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI; Comprehensive dictionary of Indonesian), there is no label for obsolete words. There is only an “archaic” label to mark all outdated words and a “classic” label to mark classical words. Another labeling problem in the KBBI is that there are no clear guidelines or criteria to determine when a word is considered archaic, obsolete, or classic. The absence of clear criteria causes some entries that have been labeled “archaic” in the KBBI to seem obsolete, and sometimes words labeled as classic get confused with archaic words. The aim of this article is to investigate ways of categorizing archaic, obsolete, and classic words in the KBBI. This research was conducted by comparing several forms and entry criteria labeled “archaic,” “obsolete,” and “classic” in several dictionaries, in particular dictionaries of foreign languages whose lexicographic traditions are well established. Each dictionary has its own criteria for classifying a word as archaic, obsolete, or classic, and we can learn from them. The findings suggest that checking the corpus data set is the easiest way to categorize words according to their labels.
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