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Rice is a crop that is consumed as a staple food by the majority of the people in the world and therefore failure in rice crops, due to any reason, poses a severe threat of starvation. Rice blast, caused by a fungus Pyricularia oryzae, has been ranked among the most threatening plant diseases of rice and it is found wherever rice is grown. All of the rice blast disease management strategies employed so far have had limited success and rice blast has never been eliminated from rice fields. Hence, there is a need to look for the best remedy in terms of effectiveness, sustainability, and organic nature of the method. This study was aimed at determining the plant growth-promoting and fungicidal effects of a mixture of Piper caninum and Piper betle var. Nigra leaves extracts and rhizobacteria. Gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) analysis of a mixture of leaves extracts of these plants revealed the presence of new bioactive compounds such as alpha.-gurjunene, gamma.-terpinene, and ethyl 5-formyl 3-(2-ethoxycarbonyl) in a mixture of leaves extracts of P. caninum and P. betle var. Nigra. The mixture of these extracts reduced the intensity of blast disease, inhibited P. oryzae, and improved the growth, yield, and quality of Bali rice. All treatments comprising of different concentrations of a mixture of leaves extracts of P. caninum and P. betle var. Nigra plus rhizobacteria exhibited biocontrol and bioefficacy. However, a 2% concentration of a mixture of these leaves extracts with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) exhibited potent inhibition of growth of P. oryzae, a significant reduction in the intensity of blast disease, and a maximum increase in growth, yield, and quality of Bali rice. In the 15th week, the intensity of blast disease decreased from 80.18% to 7.90%. The mixture of leaves extract + PGPR also improved the height of the plant, the number of tillers, number of leaves, number of grains per panicle, number of heads per panicle, and the full-grain weight per clump. Applications of various concentrations of a mixture of leaves extracts + PGPR resulted in improvement in the potential yield of rice, however, the application of 2% extracts + PGPR gave the highest potential yield of 5.61 tha−1 compared to the low yields in the control and other treatments. The high grain yield observed with the treatment was caused by the low intensity of blast disease. This treatment also strengthened the stem and prevented the drooping of the plant and improved the quality of rice grain.

This study was multiplicated by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) indigenous in corn with pots culture at the greenhouse. The research will be conducted from August 2019 to October 2019 in Greenhouse, Laboratory of Microbiology, Mataram University, Indonesia. This research aims to determine the influence of AMF in dry land and the application of fertilizer concentration. This research was conducted isolate exploration in four villages at the Pujut Central district, Lombok, Indonesia i.e. Mertak, Sukadana, Kuta, and Sengkol Village. This research is an experimental study with a completely randomized factorial design with two factors i.e the AMF isolate type and the concentration of Johnson’s nutrient solution. The first factor with the level without AMF Isolates, Isolate 1, Isolate 2, and Isolate 3. While the second factor is the Johnson nutrient concentration i.e 50 % and 75 % solution. The results showed that were differences in growth such as crop height and the number of leaves where Isolate 1, gave the highest growth and number of leaves. The identification was obtained the Isolate 1 showed highest spore’s density and root infections is Isolate 1 with a spherical shape.

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summary Geotrichum candidum citrus race, a fungus that causes a sour rot disease in citrus fruits, secretes an endo-polygalacturonase (PG) that may facilitate the disease. There also exists a non-citrus race that is non-pathogenic to citrus fruits. In this research, we found that the PG activity of the citrus race isolates was much higher than that of the non-citrus race isolates in culture medium and inoculated lemon peel, and that there was a significant correlation between the PG activity and pathogenicity. We isolated the two corresponding PG genes, S31pg1 and S63pg1, from citrus race S31 and non-citrus race S63, respectively. S31PG1 and S63PG1 consisted of 368 and 369 amino acids, respectively. The two PG genes showed 68% identity at the amino acid level. In expression studies, S31pg1 transcript was detected in mycelia grown in liquid cultures of citrus race S31 containing either glucose, pectin or lemon peel broth. The transcript was also detected in lemon peel inoculated with the isolate. On the other hand, no transcript of S63pg1 was detected in mycelia grown on any liquid cultures of non-citrus race S63 and lemon peel inoculated with the isolate. These results indicate that PG may play an important role in the development of the sour rot symptom and be involved in the difference of pathogenicity between the two races.

Abstract:Organic farming has attracted attention in Indonesia because consumers increasingly prefer the putative safety and health benefits of organic farm products. Although national standards for organic farm products were established in 2002, some products sold as organic products in supermarkets do not carry the certification mark. This study investigated organic rice farming on the island of Bali in Indonesia using fieldwork to ascertain the actual increase in organic farming. Results revealed that government certified organic farming used originally produced cattle manure to grow organic rice. At the market, however, some "quasi-organic farming" products, which had not been given the organic farming certification, were sold as organic rice. This eventuality suggests that although organic farming has been increasing steadily in Bali, development of sustainable recycling agriculture demands technical guidance and increased publicity for organic farming, based on national certification, to address misunderstandings and confusion about the definitions of organic farming and national standards that are transparent to producers and consumers. OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2015, 7 5172

Aims: Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) has been cultured in Bali, Indonesia since 2006. Its cultivation area is 170 ha including 5 regencies i.e. Buleleng, Karangasem, Bangli, Badung and Gianyar. This study was conducted to isolate and identify the Streptomyces sp. that potentially can be used to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum and control the leaf rot disease on aloe vera with and to study the structural responses of F. oxysporum to the treatment of Streptomyces culture filtrate. Methodology and results: Samples were collected from Serokadan, Kerobokan, and Saba, Bali, Indonesia. The isolate of Streptomyces sp. that resulted in the highest antifungal activity was further observed on its morphological and ultrastructure characteristics using SEM and TEM. Identification was done by using 16S rRNA sequencing techniques. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the filtrate of Streptomyces sp. to control the leaf rot disease on aloe vera. The Streptomyces GYRRK was identified to be S. thermocarboxydus and the filtrate inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum by damaging cell wall and plasma membrane of macro conidia cell, micro conidia, and hypha. Treatment with the filtrate of S. thermocarboxydus with four sprays (one spray equal to 0.5 mL) over inoculated leaves of aloe vera reduced the leaf rot disease by 68%. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: This result suggests that filtrate of S. thermocarboxydus potentially can be used as an alternative control agent against leaf rot disease on aloe vera in Bali.

BACKGROUND:Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas L.) is one of the sources for anthocyanin, which promotes the health through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, neuroprotection, and anti-apoptosis activities. Oxidative stress has been shown to be the cause of apoptosis in ischemic stroke.AIM:The objective of this research was to delineate the pleiotropic effects of anthocyanin for neuroprotection during an acute stroke event.METHODS:Anthocyanin was extracted from Balinese cultivar of purple sweet potato and subsequently administered to rat models of induced ischemic stroke (labelled as treatment group), as well as a placebo (labelled as a control group). Several parameters were in turn evaluated, i.e. the activities of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) as well as pro-apoptotic (cytochrome c, caspase-3) molecules, and apoptosis rate. Bcl-2 levels were determined using the histochemical method, cytochrome c and caspase-3 via ELISA method, while apoptosis rate was measured by TdT-medicated Dutp-Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay.RESULTS:Bcl-2 expression demonstrated significantly higher Bcl-2 expression in the treatment compared with control group (median 31.2 vs. 1.1; p = 0.001). Accordingly, pro-apoptotic cytochrome c and caspase-3 levels were also found significantly lower in the treatment as opposed to control group (mean 4.17 vs. 8.06; p = 0.001; mean 3.81 vs. 8.02; p = 0.001). Ultimately, apoptosis rate was found markedly lower among treatment than control groups (mean 3.81 vs. control 21.97; p = 0.003).CONCLUSION:The results of this study indicated a significant neuroprotective effect of anthocyanin derived from Balinese cultivar of PSP. Anthocyanin was able to increase and reduce anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic protein levels, respectively, resulting in lesser cellular apoptotic rate when compared with placebo. The potential mechanism was thought mainly due to its anti-oxidant properties.