BACKGROUND: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve cardiometabolic health during supervised lab-based studies but adherence, enjoyment and health benefits of HIIT performed independently are yet to be understood. We compared adherence, enjoyment and cardiometabolic outcomes after 8-weeks of HIIT or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), matched for energy expenditure, in overweight and obese young adults. METHODS: 17 adults were randomized to HIIT or MICT. After completing 12 sessions of supervised training over 3 weeks, participants were asked to independently perform HIIT or MICT for 30 minutes, 4 times/week for 5 weeks. Cardiometabolic outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), lipids, and inflammatory markers. Exercise enjoyment was measured by the validated Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. RESULTS: Exercise adherence (93.4±3.1% vs 93.1±3.7%, respectively) and mean enjoyment across the intervention (100.1±4.3 vs 100.3±4.4, respectively) were high, with no differences between HIIT and MICT (p>0.05). Similarly, enjoyment levels did not change over time in either group (p>0.05). After training, HIIT exhibited a greater decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than MICT (−0.66 mmol·L−1 vs. −0.03 mmol·L−1, respectively) and a greater increase in VO2peak than MICT (p<0.05, +2.6 ml·kg.min−1 vs. +0.4 ml·kg.min−1, respectively). Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein increased in HIIT (+0.5 pg·mL−1 and +31.4 nmol·L−1, respectively) and decreased in MICT (−0.6 pg·mL−1 and −6.7 nmol·L−1, respectively, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our novel findings suggest that HIIT is enjoyable and has high unsupervised adherence rates in overweight and obese adults. However, HIIT may be associated with an increase in inflammation with short-term exercise in this population.
Many individuals with end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) undergo elective total hip/knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA) to relieve pain, improve mobility and quality of life. However, ~35% suffer long-term mobility impairment following surgery. This may be in part due to muscle inflammation susceptibility (MuIS+), an overt proinflammatory pathology localized to skeletal muscle surrounding the diseased joint, present in some TKA/THA patients. Purpose: We interrogated the hypothesis that MuIS+ status results in a perturbed perioperative gene expression profile and decreases skeletal muscle integrity in patients with end-stage OA. Methods: Samples were leveraged from the two-site, randomized, controlled trial R01HD084124, NCT02628795. Participants were dichotomized based on surgical (SX) muscle gene expression of TNFRSF1A (TNF-aR). MuIS+/- samples were probed for gene expression and fibrosis. Paired and independent two-tailed t-tests were used to determine differences between contralateral (CTRL) and surgical (SX) limbs and between-subject comparisons respectively. Significance was declared at P<0.05. Results: 70 participants (26M/44F; mean age 62.41±8.86yrs; mean body mass index 31.10±4.91kg/m2) undergoing THA/TKA were clustered as MuIS+ (n=24) or MuIS- (n=46). Lower skeletal muscle integrity (greater fibrosis) exists on the SX vs CTRL limb (P<0.001). Further, MuIS+ vs MuIS- muscle exhibited higher proinflammatory (IL-6R, TNF-a) and catabolic (TRIM63) gene expression (P<0.001, P=0.004, and 0.024 respectively), with a trend for greater fibrosis (P=0.087). Conclusions: MuIS+ patients exhibit more inflammation and catabolic gene expression in skeletal muscle of the SX limb, accompanied by decreased skeletal muscle integrity (Trend). This highlights the impact of MuIS+ status emphasizing the potential value of perioperative MuIS assessment to inform optimal post-surgical care.
As the fields of kinesiology, exercise science, and human movement developed, the majority of the research focused on male physiology and extrapolated findings to females. In the medical sphere, basing practice on data developed in only males resulted in the removal of drugs from the market in the late 1990s due to severe side effects (some life-threatening) in females that were not observed in males. In response to substantial evidence demonstrating exercise-induced health benefits, exercise is often promoted as a key modality in disease prevention, management, and rehabilitation. However, much like the early days of drug development, a historical literature knowledge base of predominantly male studies may leave the exercise field vulnerable to overlooking potentially key biological differences in males and females that may be important to consider in prescribing exercise (e.g., how exercise responses may differ between sexes and whether there are optimal approaches to consider for females that differ from conventional approaches that are based on male physiology). Thus, this review will discuss anatomical, physiological, and skeletal muscle molecular differences that may contribute to sex differences in exercise responses, as well as clinical considerations based on this knowledge in athletic and general populations over the continuum of age. Finally, this review summarizes the current gaps in knowledge, highlights the areas ripe for future research, and considerations for sex-cognizant research in exercise fields.
Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is a substantial burden for patients with the disease. Currently, there is no cure for osteoarthritis, but many emerging therapies have been developed to aid in the mitigation of disease progression. When osteoarthritis reaches the end-stage of disease many patients undergo total joint arthroplasty to improve quality of life, yet some experience persistent pain and mobility limitations for extended periods following surgery. This review highlights recent therapeutic advancements in osteoarthritis treatment consisting of pharmacologics, nutraceuticals, biologics, and exercise while emphasizing the current state of post-arthroplasty rehabilitation.
Acute exercise elicits dynamic transcriptional changes that, when repeated, form the fundamental basis of adaptations in health, resilience, and performance. While moderate-intensity endurance training combined with conventional resistance training (traditional, TRAD) is often prescribed and recommended by public health guidance, high-intensity training combining maximal-effort intervals with intensive, limited-rest resistance training is a time-efficient alternative that may be used tactically (HITT) to seek whole body health benefits. Mechanisms of action of these distinct doses are incompletely characterized and have not been directly compared. We assessed transcriptome-wide responses in skeletal muscle and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) to a single exercise bout in young adults randomized to TRAD (n=21, 12M/9F, 22±3y) or HITT (n=19, 11M/8F, 22±2y). Next-generation sequencing captured small, long, and circular RNA in muscle and EVs. Analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts (|log2FC|>1, FDR≤0.05) immediately (h0, EVs only), h3, and h24 post-exercise within and between exercise doses. Additionally, all apparently responsive transcripts (FDR<0.2) underwent singular value decomposition to summarize data structures into latent variables (LVs) to deconvolve molecular expression circuits and inter-regulatory relationships. LVs were compared across time and exercise dose. TRAD generally elicited a stronger, more consistent transcriptional response than HITT, but considerable overlap and key differences existed. Findings reveal shared and unique molecular responses to divergent exercise stimuli and lay groundwork toward establishing relationships between protein-coding genes and lesser-understood transcripts that serve regulatory roles in response to exercise. Future work should advance the understanding of these circuits and whether they repeat in other populations or following other types of exercise/stress.NEW AND NOTEWORTHYWe examined small and long transcriptomics in skeletal muscle and serum-derived extracellular vesicles before and after a single exposure to traditional combined exercise (TRAD) and high-intensity tactical training (HITT). Across 40 young adults, we found more consistent protein-coding gene responses to TRAD, whereas HITT elicited differential expression of microRNA enriched in brain regions. Follow-up analysis revealed relationships and temporal dynamics across transcript networks, highlighting potential avenues for research into mechanisms of exercise response and adaptation.
Acute exercise elicits dynamic transcriptional changes that, when repeated, form the fundamental basis of health, resilience, and performance adaptations. While moderate-intensity endurance training combined with conventional resistance training (traditional, TRAD) is often prescribed and recommended by public health guidance, high-intensity training combining maximal-effort intervals with intensive, limited-rest resistance training is a time-efficient alternative that may be used tactically (HITT) to confer similar benefits. Mechanisms of action of these distinct stimuli are incompletely characterized and have not been directly compared. We assessed transcriptome-wide responses in skeletal muscle and circulating extracellular vehicles (EVs) to a single exercise bout in young adults randomized to TRAD (n=21, 12M/9F, 22±3y) or HITT (n=19, 11M/8F, 22±2y). Next-generation sequencing captured small, long, and circular RNA in muscle and EVs. Analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts (|log2FC|>1, FDR≤0.05) immediately (h0, EVs only), h3, and h24 post-exercise within and between exercise protocols. Additionally, all apparently responsive transcripts (FDR<0.2) underwent singular value decomposition to summarize data structures into latent variables (LVs) to deconvolve molecular expression circuits and inter-regulatory relationships. LVs were compared across time and exercise protocol. TRAD, a longer but more sustained stimulus, generally elicited a stronger transcriptional response than HITT, but considerable overlap and key differences existed. Findings reveal shared and unique molecular responses to the exercise stimuli and lay groundwork toward establishing relationships between protein-coding genes and lesser-understood transcripts that serve regulatory roles following exercise. Future work should advance the understanding of these circuits and whether they repeat in other populations or following other types of exercise/stress.
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