BACKGROUND: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to improve cardiometabolic health during supervised lab-based studies but adherence, enjoyment and health benefits of HIIT performed independently are yet to be understood. We compared adherence, enjoyment and cardiometabolic outcomes after 8-weeks of HIIT or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), matched for energy expenditure, in overweight and obese young adults. METHODS: 17 adults were randomized to HIIT or MICT. After completing 12 sessions of supervised training over 3 weeks, participants were asked to independently perform HIIT or MICT for 30 minutes, 4 times/week for 5 weeks. Cardiometabolic outcomes included cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), lipids, and inflammatory markers. Exercise enjoyment was measured by the validated Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. RESULTS: Exercise adherence (93.4±3.1% vs 93.1±3.7%, respectively) and mean enjoyment across the intervention (100.1±4.3 vs 100.3±4.4, respectively) were high, with no differences between HIIT and MICT (p>0.05). Similarly, enjoyment levels did not change over time in either group (p>0.05). After training, HIIT exhibited a greater decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than MICT (−0.66 mmol·L−1 vs. −0.03 mmol·L−1, respectively) and a greater increase in VO2peak than MICT (p<0.05, +2.6 ml·kg.min−1 vs. +0.4 ml·kg.min−1, respectively). Interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein increased in HIIT (+0.5 pg·mL−1 and +31.4 nmol·L−1, respectively) and decreased in MICT (−0.6 pg·mL−1 and −6.7 nmol·L−1, respectively, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our novel findings suggest that HIIT is enjoyable and has high unsupervised adherence rates in overweight and obese adults. However, HIIT may be associated with an increase in inflammation with short-term exercise in this population.

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Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) have evolved remarkable metabolic adaptations including enormous fat accumulation during the active season followed by fasting during hibernation. However, these fluctuations in body mass do not cause the same harmful effects associated with obesity in humans. To better understand these seasonal transitions, we performed insulin and glucose tolerance tests in captive grizzly bears, characterized the annual profiles of circulating adipokines, and tested the anorectic effects of centrally administered leptin at different times of the year. We also used bear gluteal adipocyte cultures to test insulin and beta-adrenergic sensitivity in vitro. Bears were insulin resistant during hibernation but were sensitive during the spring and fall active periods. Hibernating bears remained euglycemic, possibly due to hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia. Adipokine concentrations were relatively low throughout the active season but peaked in mid-October prior to hibernation when fat content was greatest. Serum glycerol was highest during hibernation, indicating ongoing lipolysis. Centrally administered leptin reduced food intake in October, but not in August, revealing seasonal variation in the brain's sensitivity to its anorectic effects. This was supported by strong phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 labeling within the hypothalamus of hibernating bears; labeling virtually disappeared in active bears. Adipocytes collected during hibernation were insulin resistant when cultured with hibernation serum but became sensitive when cultured with active season serum. Heat treatment of active serum blocked much of this action. Clarifying the cellular mechanisms responsible for the physiology of hibernating bears may inform new treatments for metabolic disorders.

Sedentary behavior and light physical activity were independently associated with markers of cardiometabolic health in young, adult women. Our data suggest that VO2peak and body composition may be important mediators of these associations. Decreasing sedentary behavior and increasing light physical activity may be important for maintaining cardiometabolic health in young, adult women.

Traditionally, it has been accepted that, during incremental exercise, stroke volume plateaus at 40% of Vo2max. However, recent research has documented that stroke volume progressively increases to Vo2max in both trained and untrained subjects. The stroke volume response to incremental exercise to Vo2max may be influenced by training status, age, and sex. For endurance trained subjects, the proposed mechanisms for the progressive increase in stroke volume to Vo2max are enhanced diastolic filling, enhanced contractility, larger blood volume, and decreased cardiac afterload. For untrained subjects, it has been proposed that continued increases in stroke volume may result from a naturally occurring high blood volume. However, additional research is needed to evaluate the importance of blood volume, or other mechanisms, that influence the stroke volume response to exercise in untrained subjects.

Purpose Physical activity is associated with decreased adiposity-related inflammation in adults. Whether this association is independent of central obesity is unknown but important for understanding the mechanisms associated with reducing cardiometabolic disease risk through physical activity. This study examined whether associations of physical activity and obesity-related inflammatory markers were independent of central adiposity. Methods Between 2002 and 2005, 1970 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis completed detailed health history and physical activity questionnaires, underwent physical measurements including computed tomography to quantify abdominal visceral and subcutaneous fat, and measurements of adiponectin, leptin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and resistin. Statistical analyses included analysis of covariance and multivariable-adjusted regression. Results The mean (range) age of participants was 64.7 (55-84) years and 50% were female. After adjustment for age and sex, and compared to the lowest quartile, inflammatory markers in the highest quartile of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were 16% higher for adiponectin and 30%, 26% and 9% lower for leptin, interleukin-6, and resistin, respectively (p<0.05 for all). In linear regression adjusted for demographics, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, glomerular filtration rate, renin and aldosterone, each standard deviation increment of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with significantly higher levels of adiponectin (β=0.04) and lower levels of leptin (β=−0.06), interleukin-6 (β=−0.08), and resistin (β=−0.05, p<0.05 for all). The associations with leptin, interleukin-6, and resistin were independent of total and central adiposity (p<0.05), whereas the association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and adiponectin was attenuated by central adiposity (p>0.05). There were no significant interactions by race/ethnicity or sex. Conclusions Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was associated with a more favorable profile of inflammatory markers, independent of relevant cardiometabolic disease risk factors including central obesity.

The findings suggest that engaging in higher volumes of MVPA above 150 min/week and walking, particularly above 60 min/week, are associated with improved HRQOL in people with IBD. Research would benefit from investigating participation in MVPA as a coping strategy, in a longitudinal manner, to determine which modes of activity may be most beneficial to people with IBD.

The role of ectopic adipose tissue infiltration into skeletal muscle (i.e., myosteatosis) for metabolic disorders has received considerable and increasing attention in the last 10 years. The purpose of this review was to evaluate and summarize existing studies focusing on computed tomography (CT)-derived measures of myosteatosis and metabolic disorders. There is consistent evidence that CT-derived myosteatosis contributes to dysglycemia, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and inflammation, and, to some extent, dyslipidemia, independent of general obesity, visceral fat, and other relevant risk factors, suggesting that it may serve as a tool for metabolic risk prediction. Identification of which muscles should be examined, and the standardized CT protocols to be employed, are necessary to enhance the applicability of findings from epidemiologic studies of myosteatosis. Additional and longer longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm a role of myosteatosis in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and examine these associations in a variety of muscles across multiple race/ethnic populations. Given the emerging role of myosteatosis in metabolic health, well-designed intervention studies are needed to investigate relevant lifestyle and pharmaceutical approaches.