State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions

Lavin, Kaleen M.; Coen, Paul M.; Baptista, Luís F.; Bell, Margaret B.; Drummer, Devin; Harper, Sara A.; Lixandrão, Manoel Emílio; McAdam, Jeremy; O’Bryan, Samia M.; Ramos, Sofhia V.; Roberts, Lisa M.; Vega, Rick B.; Goodpaster, Bret H.; Bamman, Marcas M.; Buford, Thomas W.

doi:10.1002/cphy.c200033

Cited by 31 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 1,427 publications

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“…The ability of skeletal muscle to adapt to internal and external perturbations is a fundamental function, indispensable for human evolution as persistence hunters 32,33 . The plasticity evoked by endurance and resistance training leads to a pleiotropic remodeling of the function of many organs beyond muscle, linked to potent health benefits 1,6,7,34,35 . Inversely, the increasingly sedentary lifestyle in many societies defies the evolutionary changes, and thus constitutes a strong and independent risk factor for a large number of chronic pathologies, thereby contributing to morbidity and mortality 36,37 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular control of endurance training adaptation in mouse skeletal muscle

Furrer

Heim

Schmid

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Skeletal muscle has an enormous plastic potential to adapt to various external and internal perturbations. While morphological changes in endurance-trained muscles are well-described, the molecular underpinnings of training adaptation are poorly understood. We aimed at defining the molecular signature of a trained muscle and unraveling the training status-dependent responses to an acute bout of exercise. Our results reveal that even though at baseline, the transcriptomes of trained and untrained muscles are very similar, training status substantially affects the transcriptional response to an acute challenge, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in part mediated by epigenetic modifications. Second, proteomic changes were elicited by different transcriptional modalities. Finally, transiently activated factors such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator alpha (PGC-1alpha) are indispensable for normal training adaptation. Together, these results provide a molecular framework of the temporal and training status-dependent exercise response that defines muscle plasticity in training.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular control of endurance training adaptation in mouse skeletal muscle

Furrer

Heim

Schmid

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…EVs are produced by nearly every cell and are a convenient and accessible reflection of the exercise "secretome" (55). Understanding their source of origin may provide key insight into the systemic effects of exercise, which impacts nearly every physiological system (19) and stimulates tissue crosstalk. While a large portion of differentially expressed transcripts were unique to serum EVs, 401 transcripts across all RNA biotypes were significantly impacted at all measured timepoints within both body compartments (Fig.…”

Section: Insight From Serum Evsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exercise intensity and duration are the primary determinants of overall workload via their combined demands on neuromuscular activation patterns, cardiorespiratory demand, energy metabolism, and underlying molecular signaling required to support continued activity (19). Public health guidelines (e.g., the American College of Sports Medicine) generally encourage a combination of regular resistance and endurance training performed at a moderate-to-high intensity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exercise is a powerful and effective master regulator of metabolic health, physical performance, and overall wellness throughout the lifespan. As our team has recently reviewed (19), regular exposure to exercise improves cardiorespiratory fitness, neuromuscular function, cognitive function, metabolic efficiency, body composition, disease resilience, and healthspan, among a host of other benefits that continue to be identified. However, despite generally well-defined health and performance benefits, the optimal exercise “dose” continues to be an elusive research pursuit and likely varies based on age, fitness level, presence of comorbidities, other demographic confounders, and goal outcomes for training and/or overall health (22).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic Transcriptomic Network Responses to Divergent Acute Exercise Challenges in Young Adults

Lavin

Graham

McAdam

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Acute exercise elicits dynamic transcriptional changes that, when repeated, form the fundamental basis of adaptations in health, resilience, and performance. While moderate-intensity endurance training combined with conventional resistance training (traditional, TRAD) is often prescribed and recommended by public health guidance, high-intensity training combining maximal-effort intervals with intensive, limited-rest resistance training is a time-efficient alternative that may be used tactically (HITT) to seek whole body health benefits. Mechanisms of action of these distinct doses are incompletely characterized and have not been directly compared. We assessed transcriptome-wide responses in skeletal muscle and circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) to a single exercise bout in young adults randomized to TRAD (n=21, 12M/9F, 22±3y) or HITT (n=19, 11M/8F, 22±2y). Next-generation sequencing captured small, long, and circular RNA in muscle and EVs. Analysis identified differentially expressed transcripts (|log2FC|>1, FDR≤0.05) immediately (h0, EVs only), h3, and h24 post-exercise within and between exercise doses. Additionally, all apparently responsive transcripts (FDR<0.2) underwent singular value decomposition to summarize data structures into latent variables (LVs) to deconvolve molecular expression circuits and inter-regulatory relationships. LVs were compared across time and exercise dose. TRAD generally elicited a stronger, more consistent transcriptional response than HITT, but considerable overlap and key differences existed. Findings reveal shared and unique molecular responses to divergent exercise stimuli and lay groundwork toward establishing relationships between protein-coding genes and lesser-understood transcripts that serve regulatory roles in response to exercise. Future work should advance the understanding of these circuits and whether they repeat in other populations or following other types of exercise/stress.NEW AND NOTEWORTHYWe examined small and long transcriptomics in skeletal muscle and serum-derived extracellular vesicles before and after a single exposure to traditional combined exercise (TRAD) and high-intensity tactical training (HITT). Across 40 young adults, we found more consistent protein-coding gene responses to TRAD, whereas HITT elicited differential expression of microRNA enriched in brain regions. Follow-up analysis revealed relationships and temporal dynamics across transcript networks, highlighting potential avenues for research into mechanisms of exercise response and adaptation.

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“…Regular physical exertion during bodybuilding classes leads to the occurrence of specific changes in the circulatory system. Morphological and functional remodeling of the sports heart is accompanied by changes in the pumping capacity of the myocardium, as well as indicators of central and peripheral hemodynamics [8,15,25]. Bodybuilding as a sport with a highly static component of muscle exercises is characterized by an insufficient study of the problems of functional changes in blood vessels in response to a static mode of physical exertion and actualizes the appearance of detailed studies of the impact of loads on the indicators of the circulatory system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Features of functional changes in blood vessels during the period of early recovery after static physical exercise

2022

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The cardiovascular system is one of the leading functional systems of the body, which ensure and maintain the proper level of physical performance of the body during physical exertion. Bodybuilding is one of the areas of sports activity in which taking into account the individual characteristics of the adaptation of the circulatory system to powerful muscle work of significant intensity is decisive for building an optimal training regimen. Anatomical and physiological remodeling of the heart as a result of regular sports leads to changes in the pumping function of the myocardium, as well as indicators of central and peripheral hemodynamics. Currently, there is a problem of insufficient study of the functional changes of blood vessels in response to a static regime of physical exertion in the early post-workout period. The purpose of the research is to study the characteristics of the reaction of blood vessels during the early recovery period after dosed physical exertion of a static nature. During the study, 34 young men were examined in the following groups: 1 group – persons engaged in bodybuilding; 2 group – young men engaged in fitness; 3 group – untrained persons. Maximum arbitrary static force was determined in all examined persons using a static dynamometer DS-500, static load was modeled by holding on a static dynamometer for 30 seconds an effort corresponding to 50 % of the maximum static force. Functional changes of blood vessels and central hemodynamics were registered by the method of tetrapolar thoracic impedance rheoplethysmography using the computerized diagnostic complex “Cardio+” (Ukraine). Statistical data processing was carried out using the computer program IBM SPSS Statistics (version 26), using non-parametric methods of evaluating the obtained results. It was established that static exercise in young bodybuilders leads to an increase in minute blood volume due to optimal physiological changes in central hemodynamic parameters. In persons engaged in fitness and in untrained young men, the minute volume of blood decreases and circulation conditions deteriorate immediately after exercise, which complicates the processes of rapid recovery after physical exercise in a static mode. A decrease in vascular resistance to blood flow with a simultaneous increase in minute blood volume was revealed immediately after static exercise in young bodybuilders compared to individuals engaged in fitness and untrained individuals. It was established that the circulatory system of young bodybuilders is most optimally adapted to static loads compared to persons engaged in fitness and untrained young men.

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State of Knowledge on Molecular Adaptations to Exercise in Humans: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions

Cited by 31 publications

References 1,427 publications

Molecular control of endurance training adaptation in mouse skeletal muscle

Molecular control of endurance training adaptation in mouse skeletal muscle

Dynamic Transcriptomic Network Responses to Divergent Acute Exercise Challenges in Young Adults

Features of functional changes in blood vessels during the period of early recovery after static physical exercise

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