Aim: The present study was investigated to ascertain the epidemiological status of fowl typhoid (FT) in broilers in some parts of Haryana during January 2011 to December 2013.
Materials and Methods:To elucidate the epidemiological status of FT in broiler chickens for the 3 years (2011)(2012)(2013) and to study the prevalence of various Salmonella serovars in poultry on the basis of culture characteristics, biochemical features, serotyping, and their antibiogram profile from some parts of Haryana (India). Results: A total of 309 outbreaks of FT were recorded in chickens during this period. Overall percent morbidity, mortality, case-fatality rate (CFR) in broiler chicks due to FT during this period was 9.45, 6.77, and 71.55. The yearly observations were divided into quarters A (January-March), B (April-June), C (July-September) and D (October-December). Maximum number of outbreaks -106 (34.3%) was recorded in quarter D followed by quarters B -84 (27.3%), C -64 (20.7%), and A -55 (17.7%). Salmonella isolates (253) were recovered from disease outbreaks in broilers from different parts of Haryana. Typical morphology and colony characters on MacConkeys Lactose Agar and Brilliant Green agar, biochemical reactions, serotyping along with antibiogram profiles were able to group these isolates into 3 groups namely Salmonella Gallinarum (183), Salmonella Enteritidis (41) and Salmonella Typhimurium (29). The antibiogram pattern of 183 isolates of S. Gallinarum revealed that most of the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (76%) followed by amikacin (72%), kanamycin (71%). Conclusion: FT is prevalent in commercial broiler flocks in different parts of Haryana and is responsible for considerably high morbidity and mortality in affected flocks. Isolation of S. Gallinarum (9, 12:183) from FT cases suggest it to be the primary pathogen, however, isolation of S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis from these cases is a major concern. The detection of S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium from FT cases assumes significance from public health point of view.
The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of full mother contact and voluntary colostrum suckling on the health, stress and growth performance of neonatal Murrah buffalo calves. For this, two experiments (exp.) were conducted involving exp.1, 24 mother-calf pairs were divided into three equal groups (eight pairs/each group). In no mother contact (NC) group, weaning was allowed immediately after birth. In restricted mother contact (RC) group, restricted contact was allowed twice daily. In fence-line mother contact (FC) group, calves were in full-time mother contact from birth to day (d) 5 and allowed voluntary colostrum suckling and thereafter fence-line contact. In exp.2, another 24 mother-calf pairs were selected and divided into two groups (12 pairs in each group), with the same conditions as the RC and FC groups in exp.1. Average daily gain, total protein and total Ig concentrations differed between different groups in both experiments. Cortisol levels were lower in FC followed by RC and lowest in NC calves, and similar results were observed in exp.2. It was concluded that the provision of full mother contact along with free choice colostrum suckling from birth to 5 days followed by fenceline mother contact and twice daily suckling at milking time abated the separation and weaning stress and remarkably improved the growth, immune status and health of Murrah buffalo calves as compared to the calves which were allowed only limited contact twice daily or the calves which were weaned at birth.
The present study was a undertaken to diagnose Anaplasma marginale in naturally infected crossbred cows and to determine its effect on haemato-biochemical profile. Blood samples were collected from animals (200) for detection of the rickettsial organism by direct smear and direct blood PCR based techniques targeting the major surface protein 5 (MSP-5). Direct blood PCR revealed a 382-bp amplified fragment in positive control samples. When random blood samples were screened under light microscope and direct blood PCR method, 7.5% of samples were positive under microscopic examination whereas PCR analysis revealed 10.5% samples positive for A. marginale. The infected group (25) showed significantly decreased levels of TEC, Hb and PCV than healthy control animals. However, differences in the red blood cell indices were non-significant indicating normocytic normochromic anaemia in affected crossbred cattle. Serum samples (25) of infected cows showed significantly higher values of ALT, AST, BUN, creatinine and TBIL than that of healthy control. A significant decrease of TSP and albumin was also recorded in the infected cows compared to healthy control. The standardized PCR method of the present investigation may be useful for rapid and accurate diagnosis of A. marginale in subclinical/carrier animals as the whole blood could be directly used. Haemato-biochemical studies concluded that anaemia and erythrophagocytosis are considered to be the major components of this disease and adversely affect liver and soft tissue of the affected animals.
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