Antibiotics have components to inhibit infections against Staphylococcus aureus, but they depend on judicious use to minimize the incidence of resistance forms. Strategies to improve the current situation include research in finding a new antimicrobial from virgin coconut oil (VCO). The saturated fatty acid, lauric acid (LA) (C12) contain in VCO was reported to have antibacterial activities. This study developed antimicrobial of VCO as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory agent. Staphylococcus aureus used in this study had been isolated and identified from the mastitis milk crossbreed Etawa goat from Riau, Indonesia. The susceptibility of S. aureus to VCO was tested using the broth dilution method. The inhibition mechanisms of S. aureus had been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after treatment with VCO, and potential of VCO, which is known in phagocytosis macrophage. In vitro test confirmed the inhibitory effect of VCO on the growth of S. aureus at the concentration of 200 μl (equal to 0.102 % LA). Based on the result of the phagocytosing assay, VCO could increase the ability of the macrophage cells to phagocyte S. aureus significantly at a concentration of 200 μL (equal to 0.102% LA). This study concluded that the VCO could inhibit the growth of S. aureus with destructive mechanisms of bacterial cell walls and increase the ability of the phagocytic immune cells.

Staphylococcal mastitis has been reported as a serious dairy disease in various regions around the world. The occurrence of resistant strains in Staphylococcus species to antibiotics has triggered alternative treatment substituting antibiotic usage on the global scene. This study aimed to investigate the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes in Staphylococcal subclinical-mastitis cases present in several regencies of East Java Province, Indonesia. A total of 592 quarter milk samples were collected from 62 farms in the region with high dairy cattle populations in Lumajang,

Mastitis is one of the overwhelming diseases in the dairy cow industry and it has reduced milk yield, quality and increased cow’s culling rate. This study was carried out to establish the prevalence of subclinical mastitis in the lactating dairy cow in Banyuwangi regency, East Java, Indonesia. Forty-nine milk samples from 13 head dairy cows were tested for subclinical mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). The descriptive statistics were performed, and the association between the management practice and incidence of subclinical mastitis was also analyzed using GLM. The result shows that subclinical mastitis was associated with milking type, washing before milking, pre-dipping with warm water and post dipping with iodine. Based on this result, we conclude that mastitis in Banyuwangi is relatively high and need more corcern related to management practice to prevent and reduce SCM incident in lactating dairy cow.

Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a disease that frequently attacks lactating dairy cows and possibly decreases production, causing economic losses to farmers. This study aimed to define the prevalence of SCM and risk factor-associated related management practice by dairy farmers in East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: The milk sample per quarter of individual lactating Friesian–Holstein cows (592 samples) was collected from 148 cows from 62 selected farms in the region with high dairy cattle populations in Malang, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Probolinggo, Pasuruan, Lumajang, Jember, and Banyuwangi. SCM determination was performed using the California mastitis test. A survey including field observation and interviews with farmers was conducted to find out the management practices of the selected farms. The analysis of risk factors was conducted by multinomial regression using the IBM SPSS version 26.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, USA). Results: In addition, 68.18% and 66.72% at the cow and quarter levels, respectively, of the lactating dairy cows examined had SCM. In multinomial regression, four variables were significantly given impact in association with the SCM prevalence in identifying related lactation stage (odds ratio [OR]: 1-2 months=5.67, 2-6 months=9.435), teat wiping after milking (OR=42.197), house cleanliness (OR: dirty=0.120, moderate=0.527), and location (regencies) of raising the cows (OR: Sidoarjo=0.076, Mojokerto=0.165, Jember=1.210, Probolinggo=3.449, Lumajang=1.638, Malang=1.210, and Pasuruan=0.681). Conclusion: The SCM prevalence in East Java is relatively high and a threat to the dairy industry's performance. This study found a significant association with SCM that needs to be considered in the practice of management to prevent and control SCM. However, the finding also suggested that hygienic management practices performed by farmers need to be improved to reduce SCM incidents.

<p class="abstrak1">Virgin coconut oil (VCO) contains bioactive that induce immunity against infectious diseases. This study aim to determine the immunomodulatory effects of VCO based on the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lymphocyte proliferation, and histopathological examination in liver and kidney of rats infected with <em>Staphylococcus</em> <em>aureus</em>. The VCO was given intragastrically to rats with a dose of 250 µL for one week. The rats were infected with <em>S. aureus</em> at 5x10² bacterial cells intraperitoneally. Twenty (20) female <em>Wistar</em> rats of one month old were divided into four groups. The negative control group (C-): without treatment, AV group: infected with <em>S. aureus</em> followed by VCO treatment; VA group: pretreated with VCO followed by <em>S. aureus </em>infection, and positive control group (C+): were infected with <em>S. aureus</em> without VCO. All rats were euthanized and necropsied based on the animal ethic standard. Plasma samples were taken to evaluate SOD activity, and lymphocytes were isolated from the spleen to determine their proliferative ability. Livers and kidneys were collected for a histopathology examination. Results showed that the VA group had the highest SOD activity on the 4^th week (41.50 ± 3.56 %) and lymphocyte proliferation (0.3018) compared to all treatments, indicating immunomodulatory effects of VCO. Liver of treatments group showed leucocytes infiltration, no hemorrhages (VA); the hepatocytes with normal cells (VA). Kidney of treatments group showed leucocytes infiltration (AV); normal epithelial glomerulus and tubulus cells, still found hemorrhage (VA). These studies indicated that VCO has a potential role as an immunomodulator, hepatoprotectant, and nephroprotectant.</p>