Evidence for clinically meaningful benefits of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been rapidly accumulating over the past 15 years. This relatively novel non-invasive brain stimulation technique has been applied to a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease. More recently, non-invasive forms of VNS have allowed for investigations within healthy aging populations. These results offer insight into protocol considerations specific to older adults and how to translate those results into effective clinical trials and, ultimately, effective clinical care. In this review, we characterize the possible mechanisms by which non-invasive VNS may promote healthy aging (e.g., neurotransmitter effects, inflammation regulation, functional connectivity changes), special considerations for applying non-invasive VNS in an older adult population (e.g., vagus nerve changes with age), and how non-invasive VNS may be used in conjunction with existing behavioral interventions (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapy, cognitive training) to promote healthy emotional and cognitive aging.
ObjectiveDepression is common in people with HIV (PWH), yet little is known about the mechanisms contributing to depressive symptoms in PWH. Previous research across a range of populations has suggested a relationship between the neuropeptide oxytocin and depressive symptoms, with variable directionality. This article investigated the association between peripheral oxytocin levels and depressive symptoms in PWH.MethodsUnextracted oxytocin serum concentrations were assayed in 79 PWH (44% female, mean age = 34.35 [8.5], mean body mass index = 25.69 [5.46], mean CD4 = 516.60 [271.15]) who also completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). CES-D items were evaluated in an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and the relationships between oxytocin, total CES-D score, and the resulting EFA factors were analyzed with multivariate linear regressions conducted in R. Multiple regression models were used to adjust for age, sex, body mass index, CD4, and education.ResultsContrary to hypothesized, higher peripheral oxytocin levels were associated with higher CES-D total scores with a small-to-moderate effect size (β = 0.26, p = .009). Following Bonferroni correction, oxytocin was not significantly associated with any of the five factors identified from the EFA: depressed affect, positive affect, appetite, cognitive symptoms, or perceived failure (p values > .042). Small effect sizes were found for the depressed affect (β = 0.22) and perceived failure (β = 0.21) factors (p values > .042).ConclusionsIn a sample of predominately Black or African American individuals with HIV, higher oxytocin was associated with higher total depressive symptoms. In addition, this relationship was slightly stronger than those of specific depressive symptoms. These findings warrant further study into the role of oxytocin in mood symptoms within PWH.
Fluid reasoning; Fluid/crystallized knowledge; Gc; General fluid/crystallized ability; Gf Definition Though there are many theories of intelligence, the two-factor theory of intelligence has been influential for the study of human intelligence and the integration of intelligence testing into clinical practice. Introduced by Cattell (1943), general intelligence, or g, is conceptualized as a construct comprised of two factors: crystallized and fluid intelligence. Crystallized intelligence reflects the results of prior learning but does not necessarily require new problem-solving. Examples include measures of vocabulary and fund of knowledge. Fluid intelligence, in contrast, is the ability to think abstractly and solve novel problems. An example would be pattern completion tests, which require analysis of novel stimuli and identification of underlying patterns to complete a sequence.
The autonomic nervous system is the part of the nervous system responsible for the regulation of unconscious physiological processes, such as blood pressure, breathing, digestion, sexual arousal, and reflexes.
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