Objective: To investigate the independent effect of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese adults using high carbohydrate, fat or protein food stimuli. Design: Crossover dietary challenge with matched beverage and solid food forms: high carbohydrate (watermelon and watermelon juice); high protein (cheese and milk); high fat (coconut meat and coconut milk). Results: Regardless of the predominant energy source, the beverage food form elicited a weaker compensatory dietary response than the matched solid food form. Thus, total daily energy intake was significantly higher by 12.4, 19 and 15% on days the beverage forms of the high-carbohydrate, -fat and -protein foods were ingested, respectively. This was due more to a weak effect on satiety than satiation. The obese participants had higher energy intake at the lunch, including the beverage highprotein load, but overall differences between lean and obese participants were small and not systematic. Conclusion: Food rheology exerts an independent effect on energy intake. Dietary compensation for beverages is weaker than for solid food forms of comparable nutrient content. Thus, they pose a greater risk for promoting positive energy balance.

With the goal of investigating if epigenetic biomarkers from white blood cells (WBC) are associated with dietary, anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in young and apparently healthy individuals. We evaluated 156 individuals (91 women, 65 men; age: 23.1±3.5 years; body mass index: 22.0±2.9 kg/m(2)) for anthropometric, biochemical and clinical markers, including some components of the antioxidant defense system and inflammatory response. DNA methylation of LINE-1, TNF-α and IL-6 and the expression of some genes related to the inflammatory process were analyzed in WBC. Adiposity was lower among individuals with higher LINE-1 methylation. On the contrary, body fat-free mass was higher among those with higher LINE-1 methylation. Individuals with higher LINE-1 methylation had higher daily intakes of calories, iron and riboflavin. However, those individuals who presented lower percentages of LINE-1 methylation reported higher intakes of copper, niacin and thiamin. Interestingly, the group with higher LINE-1 methylation had a lower percentage of current smokers and more individuals practicing sports. On the other hand, TNF-α methylation percentage was negatively associated with waist girth, waist-to-hip ratio and waist-to-stature ratio. Plasma TNF-α levels were lower in those individuals with higher TNF-α methylation. This study suggests that higher levels of LINE-1 and TNF-α methylation are associated with better indicators of adiposity status in healthy young individuals. In addition, energy and micronutrient intake, as well as a healthy lifestyle, may have a role in the regulation of DNA methylation in WBC and the subsequent metabolic changes may affect epigenetic biomarkers.

Patients who have undergone bariatric surgery are at increased risk of developing nutritional deficiencies from limited food intake and absorption of different nutrients. A systematic review of several database websites (PubMed and ISI Web of Science) was conducted from September 1983 to April 2010 to identify literature related to micronutrient deficiencies occurring after bariatric surgery. Keywords used individually or in various combinations in the search were bariatric surgery, obesity, vitamin/mineral deficiencies, protein deficiency, nutrient absorption and nutrient supplementation. Literature suggests that to prevent or treat nutritional deficiencies resulting from anatomical changes due to surgical techniques nutritional supplementation is usually necessary. The success of oral nutritional supplementation to correct or prevent nutritional deficiencies depends on several factors. Thus, to understand how nutrients can be administered is very important for clinical practice. This review aims to provide help for the best selection of nutrients to ensure an adequate replacement of nutrients in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery.

Type 1 diabetes, as an autoimmune disease, presents several islet cellspecific autoantibodies such as islet cell antibody (ICA), anti-insulin, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and the antibody (Ab) against tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-like protein known as ICA-512 (IA-2). In order to determine the frequency of the anti-GAD and anti-IA-2 autoantibodies in Brazilian type 1 diabetes patients we studied 35 diabetes mellitus (DM) type 1 patients with recent-onset disease (£12 months) and 37 type 1 diabetes patients with long-duration diabetes (>12 months) who were compared to 12 children with normal fasting glucose. Anti-GAD 65 and anti-IA-2 autoantibodies were detected with commercial immunoprecipitation assays. The frequency of positive results in recent-onset DM type 1 patients was 80.0% for GADAb, 62.9% for IA-2Ab and 82.9% for GADAb and/or IA-2Ab. The longduration type 1 diabetes subjects presented frequencies of 54.1% for GADAb and IA-2Ab, and 67.5% for GAD and/or IA-2 antibodies. The control group showed no positive cases. Anti-GAD and IA-2 assays showed a high frequency of positivity in these Brazilian type 1 diabetes patients, who presented the same prevalence as a Caucasian population.

The low-frequency, low-intensity US device provides reduction in the abdominal region with a moderate level of satisfaction. However, more studies are required to assess the effectiveness of US for body contouring and its effect on glucose metabolism.

O tratamento e a prevenção da obesidade têm sido considerados uma enorme batalha para os profissionais da área de saúde. As indústrias de alimentos e de fármacos, por sua vez, têm oferecido cada vez mais uma vasta gama de novos produtos que preconizam a perda de peso. O ácido linoléico conjugado, encontrado em maiores concentrações na gordura de animais ruminantes, parece apresentar efeitos favoráveis quanto à manutenção do peso corporal. Esta revisão apresenta uma análise crítica dos dados disponíveis na literatura, que relacionam o ácido linoléico conjugado com o metabolismo energético e a composição corporal. Os estudos realizados com humanos ainda não são conclusivos, embora alguns apontem um possível aumento da lipólise e/ou redução da lipogênese, que reflete em alterações apenas na composição corporal, especialmente no tecido adiposo abdominal, mas não na perda de peso. Entretanto, as altas doses usadas nesses estudos podem implicar efeitos colaterais indesejáveis. Portanto, mais estudos são necessários para uma indicação desse ácido graxo como um agente para a melhora da composição corporal e/ou como um agente anti-obesidade.

O termo biodisponibilidade representa a parte do nutriente ingerido que tem o potencial de suprir as demandas fisiológicas em tecidos alvos; por definição, não corresponde, na maioria das vezes, à quantidade ingerida. Apesar da concordância entre alguns pesquisadores no que se refere ao conceito de biodisponibilidade, vários termos são comumente utilizados em trabalhos científicos como sinônimos desse, em função das peculiaridades dos métodos empregados na sua determinação. Estudos de balanço, relação dose-efeito e uso de isótopos são alguns dos métodos mais comumente utilizados para determinar a biodisponibilidade de vitaminas. Tais metodologias, além de avaliar a biodisponibilidade do nutriente, devem tanto quanto possível procurar elucidar ou levar em consideração os fatores que interferem na sua absorção e utilização. Dentre esses fatores, estão a interação com outros nutrientes ou componentes da dieta e as condições fisiológicas dos organismos submetidos ao estudo. As vitaminas lipossolúveis, devido ao seu metabolismo complexo, diversidade funcional e mecanismo de absorção relacionado a lipoproteínas, apresentam alguns problemas específicos no que se refere à avaliação de sua biodisponibilidade em alimentos ou dietas, necessitando, por ocasião dos ensaios, de um criterioso planejamento e análise de resultados. Dessa forma, ressaltaram-se, nesta revisão, alguns aspectos importantes com relação à biodisponibilidade das vitaminas lipossolúveis, como: diversidade de termos usados, metodologia para avaliação, fatores que interferem na absorção e utilização, entre outros, visto que a avaliação da biodisponibilidade de algumas vitaminas lipossolúveis ainda não possui métodos validados, gerando uma grande variação nos resultados obtidos nas pesquisas realizadas nesta área. Termos de indexação: absorção, biodisponibilidade, vitaminas lipossolúveis. A B S T R A C TThe term bioavailability represents the part of the nutrient ingested that has the potential to supply the physiological demands of target tissues and, by definition, does not correspond to the amount ingested in the

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