Paciente.-Entrevista.-Educação Médica.-Relação Médico-Paciente. RESUMO A insuficiência do modelo biomédico para a resolução da maioria dos problemas de saúde da população vem sendo discutida. Diversos autores referem que a realização da consulta médica se associa a melhores resultados quando apoiada nos pressupostos do modelo centrado no paciente, dentre os quais se destaca a inclusão da perspectiva do paciente. Para que isso ocorra, é necessário conhecer as dimensões físicas, psicossociais e culturais que a compõem e incluí-las na realização de entrevistas médicas. Como a formação do médico na graduação ainda é apoiada no modelo biomédico, a mudança de paradigma para a realização de consultas médicas suscita mudanças curriculares significantes. KEYWORDS-Patient Centered Care.-Interview.-Physician-Patient Relation.-Medical Education. ABSTRACT Growing INTRODUÇÃOEste texto pretende proporcionar ao leitor uma visão histórica da construção do modelo biomédico e do surgimento do modelo centrado no paciente. Destaca-se a contraposição entre os dois modelos particulamente quanto à inclusão das diferentes dimensões da perspectiva do paciente. Esta pode ser facilitada pela comunicação estabelecida entre o médico e o paciente na realização de consultas médicas. Algumas reflexões sobre a necessidade de mudanças na formação médica são apresentadas. O ensaio foi elaborado utilizando-se as bases de dados Medline e Lilacs. O critério de busca incluiu as palavras-chave patient centered care, consultation, physician-patient relationship, doctor-patient relationship, biomedical model, comunication skills. A escolha dos textos foi pautada na relevância dos artigos para a proposta estabelecida, ou seja, o entendimento do modelo centrado no paciente e a repercussão deste na realização da consulta médica. DO MODELO BIOMÉDICO AO MODELO CENTRADO NO PACIENTEO modelo biomédico ou mecanicista tem suas raízes históricas vinculadas ao Renascimento, no início do século 16, e a toda a revolução artístico-cultural ocorrida nessa época. Observa-se um deslocamento epistemológico da medicina, que, de arte de curar indivíduos doentes, passa a ser disciplina das doenças 1 .Desde então, ocorre o desenvolvimento de várias áreas do conhecimento humano, e alguns cientistas e filósofos marcam o crescimento técnico-científico e influenciam o pensar da medicina moderna.O filósofo e matemático René Descartes (1596-1650) é reconhecido como o pai do racionalismo na filosofia moderna. Em seu Discurso do método, ele formula as regras que constituem os fundamentos de seu enfoque sobre o conhecimento e que persistem hegemônicos no raciocínio médico ainda hoje.Descartes sustenta que não se deve aceitar como verdade aquilo que não seja possível provar e defende a ideia da separação entre mente e corpo, entre sujeito e objeto, e a redução de fenômenos complexos a seus componentes mais simples 2 .A Isaac Newton (1643-1727) coube a criação de teorias matemáticas que confirmaram a visão cartesiana do corpo e do mundo como uma grande máquina a ser explorada. Assim ...
Descritores: assistência centrada no paciente, gravação de videotape, entrevista, comunicação, relação médico-paciente, educação médica, criança Several authors report that the outcome of the medical consultation is associated with better results when based on patient-centered model among which stands out the inclusion of the patient's perspective. The aim of this study was to examine whether the teaching model adopted in the -Ambulatório Geral de Pediatria‖ (AGEP), a general Pediatric outpatient clinic, capacitates, after one year, the resident of pediatrics to conduct a consultation which includes the parents' perspective. The AGEP is a secondary health care facility located at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil, and offers a course for the first year of the residency program of the Department of Pediatrics of the School of Medicine of USP. This clinic aims to teach a form of extended care, not focused on the disease. In 2007, 10 residents were selected to be videotaped while performing a consultation at the beginning and at the end of the course. The data was analyzed through qualitative methodology by exploratory technique involving three judges independently. Using as reference the patient-centered care, general categories were elaborated: (1) Understanding of the parents' main complaints, (2) Understanding of other complaints and (3) Sharing decision-making. The residents had an average age of 26 years-old, graduated from different colleges in the country and referred outpatient training only for short periods. As a result it was observed that in category (1), the majority of residents explore precipitously the first parents' complaint. At the end of the course some residents, although insufficiently, include in the anamneses the parents concerns involved with the complaint. In Category (2), few residents actively explore other complaints and the parents' agenda was neglected. In category (3), residents maintained throughout the course a non-shared decision-making practice. The observation of consultations enabled the development of empirical categories: (a) interaction with the child, (b) explanation of the anamnese guide, (c) use of the records as the main source of information, (d) moments of silence during the consultation, (e) lack of explanation of the procedures of the physical examination. Among which, the interaction with the child was the most significant and it was found that most residents establish little communication with the children. Residents seeking a dialogue with the child are limited to the routine aspects of life and school activities. Only one resident explores the health problem directly with the child. Children actively tried to communicate with the residents during the consultation, but most residents appeared not to have understood their behavior. It was concluded that the teaching model of AGEP in 2007 does not enabled residents to do consultations including the parents' perspective. The explanations for this may relate to the difficulties in c...
Diversos autores relatam que a consulta médica se associa a melhores resultados quando se adota como referencial o modelo centrado no paciente. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se os médicos ingressantes na residência de Pediatria realizam consultas ambulatoriais segundo pressupostos do modelo centrado no paciente. MÉTODO: Em 2007, no início de seu estágio de ambulatório, dez residentes foram selecionados aleatoriamente para serem filmados durante a realização de uma consulta. Adotando-se como referencial teórico pressupostos do modelo centrado no paciente, os dados foram analisados por meio de metodologia qualitativa, por meio da técnica exploratória, com três juízes independentes. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos residentes explora precocemente a primeira queixa referida pelos pais, assumindo-a como principal; não explora outras queixas; decide e faz orientações terapêuticas de modo não compartilhado; conversa pouco com as crianças; cria longos momentos de silêncio durante a consulta; não explica o exame físico e às vezes utiliza o prontuário como a principal fonte de informação. CONCLUSÃO: Os residentes realizam consultas sem a inclusão da perspectiva dos pais e, portanto, não atendem segundo pressupostos do modelo centrado no paciente.
RATIONALE: Benign focal seizures of adolescence (BFSA) described by Loiseau et al in 1972, is considered a rare entity, but maybe underdiagnosed. Although mild neuropsychological deficits have been reported in patients with benign epilepsies of childhood, these evaluations have not so far been described in BFSA. The aim of this study is to evaluate neuropsychological functions in BFSA with new onset seizures (<12 months). METHODS: Eight patients with BFSA (according to Loiseau et al, 1972, focal or secondarily tonic clonic generalized seizures between the ages of 10-18 yrs., normal neurologic examination, normal EEG or with mild focal abnormalities) initiated in the last 12 months were studied between July 2008 to May 2009. They were referred from the Pediatric Emergency Section of the Hospital Universitário of the University of Sao Paulo, a secondary care regionalized facility located in a district of middle-low income in Sao Paulo city, Brazil. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institution. All patients performed neurological, EEG, brain CT and neuropsychological evaluation which consisted of Raven's Special Progressive Matrices - General and Special Scale (according to different ages), Wechsler Children Intelligence Scale-WISC III with ACID Profile, Trail Making Test A/B, Stroop Test, Bender Visuo-Motor Test, Rey Complex Figure, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test-RAVLT, Boston Naming Test, Fluency Verbal for phonological and also conceptual patterns - FAS/Animals and Hooper Visual Organization Test. For academic achievement, we used a Brazilian test for named "Teste do Desempenho Escolar", which evaluates abilities to read, write and calculate according to school grade. RESULTS: There were 2 boys and 6 girls, with ages ranging from 10 yrs. 9 m to 14 yrs. 3 m. Most (7/8) of the patients presented one to two seizures and only three of them received antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Six had mild EEG focal abnormalities and all had normal brain CT. All were literate, attended regular public schools and scored in a median range for IQ, and seven showed discrete higher scores for the verbal subtests. There were low scores for attention in different modalities in six patients, mainly in alternated attention as well as inhibitory subtests (Stroop test and Trail Making Test part B). Four of the latter cases who showed impairment both in alternated and inhibitory attention were not taking AEDs. Visual memory was impaired in five patients (Rey Complex Figure). Executive functions analysis showed deficits in working memory in five, mostly observed in Digits Indirect Order and Arithmetic tests (WISC III). Reading and writing skills were below the expected average for school grade in six patients according to the achievement scholar performance test utilized. One patient of this series who had the best scores in all tests was taking phenobarbital. CONCLUSIONS: Neuropsychological imbalance between normal IQ and mild dysfunctions such as in attention domain and in some executive abilities like working memory and planning, as well as difficulties in visual memory and in reading and writing, were described in this group of patients with BFSA from community. This may reflect mild higher level neurological dysfunctions in adolescence idiopathic focal seizures probably caused by an underlying dysmaturative epileptogenic process. Although academic problems often have multiple causes, a specific educational approach may be necessary in these adolescents, in order to improve their scholastic achievements, helping in this way, to decrease the stigma associated to epileptic seizures in the community.
both decreased (p = 0.025) and attention and sympathy for elderly people increased (p = 0.05). Overall, 69% of the student group felt that the session helped them to understand older adults better and 55% agreed that the panel helped to increase personal openness to older adults. The results of this small study with medical students in the early stages of their clinical education show small, positive changes in attitudes towards elderly people as measured by responses to an attitudinal scale and some shifts in views following a panel discussion with elderly individuals. The long-term duration of these effects is unknown and will require further study. Overall, students approached the mandatory education session with a positive view of older patients and for many of these students such views were reinforced through the panel discussion. In lieu of direct interactions with healthy seniors, this activity represents an alternative approach by which medical students can address issues of ageing and health. REFERENCE 1 Westmoreland GR, Counsell SR, Sennour Y et al.Improving medical student attitudes toward older patients through a 'council of elders' and reflective writing experience.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.