FRAGA, Denis Martins. The logistics of compressed natural gas and small-scale LNG: the competitive frontier of the road's modal. 2018. 165 f. Master's Dissertation-Graduate Program on Energy, University of São Paulo. São Paulo. 2018. The Brazilian natural gas (NG) production has been growing 7,7% per year during 2006 and 2016, this growth has been followed by the increase of the reserves of oil associated natural gas from the fields within the pre-salt polygon. From the demand side, one can observe a growth of 3,4% per annum for the period starting in 2006 to 2018. It Worth to mention that the imported NG supply contract from Bolivia has its termination due to 2019, which will enable the negotiation of conditions of supply such as quantities, term and price. This import contract is expected to reflect the current conditions of demand and future supply from indigenous production in the long term. Based on that, on can observe an imbalance between supply and demand, which can be explored as an opportunity for improvements in the energy security of the country and also as an opportunity for investments in alternative methods for transportation of NG, in order to foster the industry. These alternative methods are described in this research as compressed natural gas (CNG) and small-scale LNG (SSLNG). It is explored not only the competitiveness of those methods but also the cost indicatives and the state of the art technologies are presented. Followed the characterising of CNG and SSLNG, a cost per-unitof-energy estimation model is proposed for CNG and SSLNG and compared with the pipelines cost estimation adopted in the PEMAT. It is demonstrated that, for the transportation volumes of 0.1MTPA, pipelines option is more competitive than SSLNG up to 380 kilometres (km) transportation distance. SSLNG option was observed more competitive for transportation distances higher than 380 km. On the other hand, CNG option has demonstrated competitiveness only against SSLNG option and for transportation distances up to 18 km. For the transportation volumes of 0.5 MTPA and 1 MTPA, the SSLNG option was observed more competitive than the pipeline option, for transport distances higher than 650 km for the former volumes transported and no competitiveness was observed for the latter volumes transported. Additionally, for the sake of illustration, CNG has demonstrated competitiveness against SSLNG and pipeline for lower transported volumes, around 100 times lower than 0.1MTPA. After the cost estimation modelling, the SSLNG model was applied in the municipalities of the state of São Paulo and together with the plan of targets for the NG sector (PMGN) for the state. One can observe 103 municipalities-out of 139-have shown competitive costs of SSLNG in the displacement of electricity and oil fuel for the thermic energy uses in the industrial and agricultural sector. 85 municipalities-out of the 103-were considered in the PMGN as municipalities that would have NG distribution pipelines infrastructure from 2022 to 2029 and could anticipate th...
The aim of this article is to evaluate the viability of transporting Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) by truck in the Mato Grosso (MT) state, Brazil, comparing the costs of substituting other energy sources for the Bolivian Natural Gas (NG) and estimating the potential available market in the five mesoregions of the state. The simulation results show a potential NG market of 2.1 MMm3/day at a competitive cost compared to the assessed fuels in the economic sectors evaluated in the MT state. LNG transported by road has shown to be more advantageous than electric energy and diesel oil. On the other hand, fuel oil costs were slightly lower than NG costs. This simulation can serve as inspiration to extend the use of small-scale LNG by road in states or countries with similar characteristics, especially those with the possibility of the constant supply of NG and limited pipeline network.
USD 16,21 MMBTU para garantir um retorno hipotético de 5% do investimento. A partir dos resultados obtidos, chega-se à conclusão de que a alternativa não convencional para o projeto não é economicamente mais viável na data do estudo do que a importação de GNL, porém é preciso levar em consideração que todos os projetos e investimentos feitos na área do petróleo e gás estão sujeitos a riscos, e à mercê das flutuabilidades desta commodity, que foi evidenciada pela pandemia do COVID19.
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