The duration of the periods of risk to the health of the population of the influence of cold in combination with wind in the territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was assessed according to the integral indicator of the conditions of the body’s cooling (IPOOO). Health risk based on average monthly temperatures and wind in the subarctic (No. 1) zone 8 months. (two critical, 6 moderate), territories No. 2 (Krasnoyarsk) and No. 3 (Minusinsk) — 6 and 5 months. (moderate). When analyzed by Q25-Q75 intervals, the duration of the risk periods increased by 1–2 months. In the first territory, the risk of critical cooling of the body increased by 1 month; the rest are moderate. At the minimum temperature and maximum wind in the subarctic zone, the period of critical risk of cooling the body is 5 months, catastrophic — 2. In the region of Krasnoyarsk 2–3 months, Minusinsk 3 months. the risk is critical. Determination of the IPUOO based on the data of average monthly temperatures and wind speed does not allow to fully determine the risk of cold influence; analysis by indicators of ranges of 25 and 75 quartiles in the conditions of three territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory indicates its presence within 1–2 months, and also indicates a more significant degree of risk. In conditions of minimum temperatures and maximum wind, the period of risk of cold influence lengthens to 9–10 months a year, the nature of the degree of risk increases significantly, including critical and catastrophic. This must be taken into account when determining the length of time for safe work in an open area. With extreme indicators of the state of physical factors in an open area, the «contribution» to the value of the IPOOO wind speed increases more significantly: the minimum temperature is 1.2–1.3 times, the maximum wind is 3.1–5.1 times.
Wind affects functional state and health of human beings. Physical activity mitigates the risk of hypothermia, but not the discomfort felt in cold winds. Moreover, there appears a risk of body cooling and frostbite. This study aimed to assess the risk to health of a human being associated with the wind chill factor index in the various climatic zones of a Russian region. The calculation relied on the mean monthly daily temperature and wind speed values, minimum temperature and maximum wind values registered in the subarctic and continental climate zones during the two climatological normals determination observation periods, 19611990 (second period) and 1991–2020 (third period). In the third period, a significant decrease in wind strength was registered in the subarctic (8 months) and temperate continental (9 months) climates. The mean monthly temperatures increased in April by 3.5 °C (p = 0.006), April–June by 4.05 °C (p = 0.001) and 3.9 °C (p = 0.001). The maximum wind in the subarctic climate did not change, in the temperate continental zone it decreased within 9 months; the minimum temperature increased in 4 and 1 months. In the subarctic zone, the mean temperature and wind values made the ambient conditions uncomfortable for 6 months (versus 7), with one characterized as "extremely cold"; the cold exposure risk decreased during the "very cold" period; in the temperate climate zone, the potentially uncomfortable conditions period lasted for 4 months (versus 6). With wind at the maximum and temperature at the minimum, in the subarctic climate, the weather remained severe for 8 months a year in each of the determination periods ("uncomfortable, chilly" — 2 months, "cold, skin surface hypothermia" — 1 month, "extremely cold, possible hypothermia of the exposed parts of the body in 10 minutes" — 5 months); in the temperate continental climate zone, it was severe for 5 months of each year ("uncomfortable, chilly" — 2 months, "cold, skin surface hypothermia" — 3 month).
We calculated the effective temperatures based on 10-year data for temperatures (monthly average and minimum), wind speeds (monthly average and maximum) and relative air humidity in the climatic zones of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (subarctic No. 1) and temperate continental (Krasnoyarsk (object No. 2) and Minusinsk (3) We assessed the health risk.In winter, in the subarctic zone, the temperature is –23.3 ± 1.5 0 C (minimum –30.2 ± 2.1 0 C), in object No. 2 — –17.3 ± 1.6 0 C (–19.3 ± 1.0 0 С) and object No. 3 — –19.9 ± 1.4 0 С (–25.5 ± 1.9 0 С). In spring at object No. 1 it varied from –16.5 ± 1.7 0 С to + 1.6 ± 1, 0 0 С, object No. 2 — from –3.9 ± 0.9 0 С to + 9.4 ± 0.5 0 С, object No. 3 — from –4.5 ± 0.9 to + 10.6 ± 0.4. Temperatures ranged from + 8.2 ± 0.9 0 C to –17.8 ± 1.2 0 C (object No. 1), from + 9.4 ± 0.5 0 C to –7.5 ± 0.9 0 C and from +10.4 ± 0.4 0 C to –6.4 ± 1.0 0 C. In summer, the temperature was 19.9 ± 0.9 0 C, 18.8 ± 0.3 0 C, and 19.8 ± 0.4 0 C, respectively. Wind speed at object No. 3.6 ± 0.05 m/s in July increased to 5.4 ± 0.2 m/s in December (maximum 16.2 m/s); No. 2 in July 1.4 ± 0.05 m/s, in October-May 1.8 ± 0.2–2.1 ± 0.07 (maximum in December 10.1 ± 0.1 m/s); No. 3 minimum wind in January and February (1.1 ± 0.1 m/s), maximum 10.7 ± 0.6 m/s in May. A moderately dry climate is recorded during 2, 4 and 5 months. In the conditions of Krasnoyarsk and Minusinsk in the spring, humidity drops to the limits of dry air. Average effective temperatures indicated a possible risk of frostbite in the subarctic zone after 20–30 minutes within 2 months; at minimum temperatures and maximum winds in March, frostbite in 20–30 minutes, in November, December and February in 10–25 minutes; in January — in 5 minutes. In the Krasnoyarsk region in January frostbite is possible within 20–30 minutes, in Minusinsk in February in 20–30 minutes, in January 10–15 minutes. Heat stress is undefined.
The average for 2009–2019 was determined. monthly indicators of temperature, speed of movement and air humidity in the open area according to the data of meteorological stations at Cape Chelyuskin and Dikson Island. Monthly wind-cold indices (VHI) and equivalent effective temperatures (EET) were calculated, and the assessment of the risk of cold influences on humans was compared. In the Arctic zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, thermal discomfort has been established due to low air temperatures, wind strength (from weak to moderate), and humidity (moderate to highly humid) air. Bioclimatic conditions differed in the lower temperatures for 6 months at Cape Chelyuskin and the strength of the wind (1 month); on about. Dixon — higher humidity for 7 months. and wind strength for 2 months. On about Dikson compared with M. Chelyuskin identified less uncomfortable conditions. Average monthly daily temperatures in the open area prove the presence of a cold environment. This suggests that VHI indicates the presence of a potential (4 months) and probable cold health risk (8 months). EET showed the presence of year-round cold risk. At Cape Chelyuskin, the habitat was assessed as «cold» (4 months) and «threat of frostbite» (8 months). Dixon — as «moderately cold» (3 months), «cold» (1 month), «very cold» (1 month) and «threat of frostbite» (7 months).
Determined the cold periods of the year in different weather and climatic conditions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. We assessed the health risk of the population under the influence of temperature and wind speed in an open area according to the wind-cold index (which determines the comfort and discomfort of the weather). The average monthly daily, average monthly minimum temperatures and wind speeds were estimated for 10 years (2010–2019). Wind speed was assessed using the Bothford scale. In terms of ambient temperature, the cold period lasted: subarctic zone (Norilsk) — 5, moderate continental (Krasnoyarsk and Minusinsk) — 3 months. According to the wind-cold index (in terms of average temperature and wind speed), the period of severe weather in the subarctic zone lasted from 6 to 7 months a year. Three months of the year, the meteorological perception was assessed as «very» and 1 month — as «extremely cold». In the region of Krasnoyarsk, as well as in Minusinsk, the cold «uncomfortable period» was lengthened by 1 month. The health risk under the combined influence of the minimum temperature and maximum wind increased in the subarctic zone up to 8, moderate continental up to 5 (Krasnoyarsk) — 5–6 (Minusinsk) months. In the area of Norilsk, the period, assessed as «extremely cold, exposed parts of the body can be supercooled by 10 minutes,» extended by 4 months, in Krasnoyarsk such a period was possible in January, Minusinsk was recorded in January and February. In the conditions of one climatic zone (Krasnoyarsk, Minusinsk), regional features of weather and climatic characteristics (duration of cold and warm periods, temperature, wind speed, severity and duration of periods of severe weather), which can affect the well-being and state of health of the population, have been identified.
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