An experimental study was focused on investigation of the failure properties of plain woven glass/epoxy composites under offaxis and biaxial tension loading conditions. Four fibre orientations (0 ,15 ,30 and 45 with respect to the load direction) were considered for off-axis tests and two biaxial load ratios for biaxial tests to study failure characteristics and mechanism. Four classical polynomial failure criteria-Tsai-Hill, Hoffman, Tsai-Wu and Yeh-Stratton-were analysed comparatively to predict offaxis and biaxial failure strength of the composites. For failure prediction of the plain woven composites under multiaxial tension loads, the Tsai-Wu criterion was modified by introducing an interaction coefficient F 12 obtained from 45 off-axis or biaxial tension tests and the Yeh-Stratton criterion was modified with the interaction coefficient B 12 ¼ 0 or obtained from the biaxial tension test. The former criterion was found to have higher accuracy. Finally, according to macroscopic and microscopic studies, the failed specimens showed mostly distinct failure with a specific fracture orientation, mainly exhibiting fibre or fabric tensile fracture mode and a combination of matrix cracking and delamination, both in off-axis and cruciform samples.
An experimental and numerical study on mechanical properties and damage behavior of 3D multi-layer wrapping braided composite under axial tensile load is presented. The braiding process of this material is introduced and its tensile properties are obtained in tensile tests. Numerical simulations employ periodical boundary conditions, with interface elements between yarns and matrix added to improve the accuracy of prediction. 3D Hashin-type criteria and Von-Mises stress criterion are employed as damage initiation criteria for yarns and matrix, respectively. The obtained numerical results show a good agreement with the experimental data. The load-bearing capacity and failure mechanisms of 3D multi-layer wrapping braided composites under axial tensile loading are also discussed. A stress distribution shows that the axial yarns are the main load-bearing component of the composite. The main failure mode of the yarns is the yarn-matrix tensile cracking in the width direction, followed by the yarn-matrix tensile cracking in the thickness direction and fibre tensile failure. When the fibres in axial yarns begin to break, the material loses its load-bearing capacity.
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