ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the effect of pelleted and expanded sorghum-based feeds prepared with different moisture levels and particle size of ingredients on metabolizable energy, ileal digestibility of amino acids and broiler performance.MethodsThe experiment was performed with 720 male broiler chicks of the Cobb strain, with treatments of six replications, with 15 birds each; they were arranged in a completely randomized design and 2×2×2 factorial scheme (pelleted or expanded feed processing, 0.8% or 1.6% moisture addition in the mixer, and particle size of 650 or 850 microns).ResultsHigher pellet quality (pellets, % and pellet durability index [PDI]) was obtained in expanded diets and inclusion of 1.6% moisture. The particle size of 850 microns increased the PDI of final diet. All studied treatments had no significant effect on weight gain and broiler carcass and cut yields. Lower feed conversion occurred for birds fed pelleted feed at 42 d. The highest apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen balance (AMEn) values of feed in the initial rearing phase (10 to 13 days) were observed in birds fed pelleted feed or for feed prepared with 1.6% moisture. The highest ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids were obtained with the consumption of pelleted feed prepared with a particle size of 650 microns and 1.6% moisture.ConclusionPelleted feed prepared with a milling particle size of 650 microns and 1.6% moisture provided increased ileal digestibility of amino acids and AMEn in the starter period. However, the expanded feed improved pellet quality and feed conversion of broilers at 42 days of age. We conclude that factors such as moisture, particle size and processing affect the pellet quality, and therefore should be considered when attempting to optimize broiler performance.
RESUMOO sorgo granífero, var. ΊΈΥ 101, foi cultivado em solução nutritiva na presença e ausência de micronutrientes. Foram obtidos sintomas de carência e foi feita a determinação dos teores desses elementos nas folhas. INTRODUÇÃOA diagnose visual de deficiências é dos métodos mais conhecidos e mais antigos para se determinar a falta de nutrientes no solo através das alterações produzidas na planta.Ê às vezes complementada pela análise de folhas (ou de outros ór-gãos) o que, além deestabelecere de modo mais definitivo o diagnósti-co visual permite avaliar o estado nutricional por comparação cam teores de elementos em plantas tidas como normais.Uma revisão da literatura mostrou que não existe trabalho sistemático sobre deficiências de micronutrientes no sogro granífero. *Entregue para publicação em 24-11-1977. Com ajuda do BNDE (FUNTEC 293) e da FAPESP.
This study aimed at assessing the effect of pelleted and expanded maize-based feeds prepared with different moisture levels (ML, 0.8 and 1.6%) particle size (PS, 650 and 850µ) of ingredients on metabolizable energy, ileal digestibility of amino acids and broiler performance. A total of 720 one-day-old male broiler chicks of the Cobb strain were used. The experiment was performed over a period of 40d (days) and birds received water and feed ad libitum. From 10 to 13d higher AMEn values were obtained for birds fed expanded feeds with 1.6% ML and 850µ PS. Higher values AMEn were encountered when adding 0.8% ML in pellet feeds with 850µ or 1.6%ML/650µ PS. Expanded and pelleted diets with 1.6% ML (independent of PS, 650 or 850µ) presented higher amino acid digestibility. For diets with 0.8% of ML, better result for the digestibility of amino acids were obtained with PS 650µ for expanded and 850µ for pelleted diets. Higher weight gain was observed in broilers fed diets with 1.6% moisture at 21 and 40d. Feed conversion was improved by adding 1.6% ML only at 21d. Regarding carcass characteristics, expanded diets combined with PS of 650µ led to a higher accumulation of abdominal fat. The birds fed expanded diets at 1.6% moisture had higher breast yields. We concluded that to increase the use of nutrients, EMAn and broiler performance, it is recommended that pelleted diets be prepared with the addition of 1.6% water to the mixer and a particle size of 850µ.
A Muntingia calabura é uma espécie arbórea frutífera exótica introduzida no Brasil onde se adaptou muito bem os tipos de solos e clima tropical. O objetivo do trabalho foi analisar a biometria do fruto e constituintes físico-químicos, carotenoides, compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante da farinha do fruto inteiro de calabura. Os frutos apresentaram comprimento de 1,45 mm, diâmetro de 1,54 mm, massa fresca de 1,97 g e massa seca de 0,41 g. A farinha do fruto apresentou, umidade 6,61%, cinzas 3,72%, lipídeos 3,48%, °Brix 3,5, pH 6,67, cumarinas (+), para cor L* 29,35, a* 11,15, b* 19,98, C* 22,88, h° 60,82, vitamina A 7,74 µg de retinol, vitamina C 15,26 mg 100 g-1, vitamina E em tocoferol 0,11 m/m, carboidratos 85,76%, proteína total 0,43%, β-caroteno 92,94 µg 100 mL-1, licopeno 47,98 µg 100 g-1, compostos fenólicos 10,32 mg EAG 100 g-1, DPPH não foi detectado na amostra, e índice de oxidação igual a 20,5 segundos. A análise biométrica dos frutos apresentou resultados que constituirão novos dados para ecologia e genética desta espécie vegetal. A farinha do fruto inteiro apresentou teores de compostos importantes que podem ser utilizados pela indústria de alimentos para a produção de produtos funcionais, com características bioativas e farmacêuticas no estudo, elaboração e desenvolvimento na linha tópica como soluções fotoprotetoras devido aos teores de vitaminas, carotenoides e compostos fenólicos.
Eggshell quality is directly linked to the good acceptability of the product by consumers, whereas the industry is concerned with economic losses. Prolonged periods of laying, diseases, nutrition, bird age and genetics can influence egg quality. This study aimed to examine the influence of the environment, bird age and storage period on the physical characteristics of the shell of eggs from commercial laying hens. The experiment involved 288 eggs from Hy-line hens, which were distributed in a completely randomized design with a triple 3×2×4 factorial arrangement represented by three ages (31, 62 or 88 weeks), two storage temperatures (ambient or refrigerated), and four storage periods (one, 10, 20 or 30 days), totaling 24 treatments. Four replications were used with three eggs each. Eggshell strength, percentage and thickness were measured. Differences were observed, with the eggs stored at room temperature exhibiting lower shell strength. Laying eggs at an advanced age (88 weeks) resulted in decreased eggshell strength as compared with the other ages, whereas the eggs from young layers (31 weeks) had a thicker shell. The advancing age of the laying hens reduced eggshell quality, regardless of the storage environment. Nonetheless, the eggs stored in the refrigerator showed better eggshell quality and integrity than those stored at ambient temperature.
It was determined by the total collection of excreta method, with broilers from 22 to 32 days of age, the coefficients of apparent metabolism of dry matter, crude protein and crude energy and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for zero nitrogen balance (AMEn) of the ethanol coproducts of corn: acid oil and dried distillery grains with soluble (DDGS). The DDGS and corn acid oil presented nutritional metabolization coefficients ranging from 43 to 83% and AMEn equal 2393.5 and 7859.2kcal/kg respectively, and may be food alternatives to soybean meal and soybean oil.
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