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In this paper, a reconfigurable, low component count high-gain battery integrated dc-dc boost converter (HGBIBC) is proposed for power management of time-varying loads (TVLs). The battery is integrated between the two switches and the two diodes, which provides an inherent feature of pulse-charging and pulse-discharging of the battery, thereby increasing its lifetime. The converter operation, in various modes, is explained, and the steady-state and timedomain analyses are performed to establish the high-voltage gain feature of the converter, which makes it suitable for interfacing sources with low output voltages. The guidelines for the design of converter parameters and selection of switching devices are presented. Small-signal models are derived, and the relative gain array (RGA) analysis is performed, which revealed that the control loops are of decoupled nature and hence the controllers, for each loop, can be designed independently, as in the case of a single-input single-output (SISO) converter. The PID controllers are designed to simultaneously regulate the load voltage and source current. The theoretical concepts developed in the paper are validated experimentally using the laboratory prototype of the converter. The experimental results, demonstrating power management, at load voltages of 60 and 48 V are presented, which are found to be in close correlation with the theoretical and simulation studies. K E Y W O R D S battery integrated converters, battery power management, battery pulse charging (BPC), battery pulse discharging (BPD), high-gain boost converter, multiport converter

Summary In this paper, a non‐isolated battery integrated three‐port bidirectional dc‐dc converter (BIBTPC) is proposed and analyzed for interfacing light electric vehicles (LEVs) with solar photovoltaic (SPV)‐fed low voltage dc distribution system (LVDDS). Depending upon the power generation, the converter can be controlled to operate in grid‐to‐vehicle (G2V) or vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) arrangement. BIBTPC can implement maximum power point tracking (MPPT), simultaneously regulating the dc bus voltage of LVDDS. It also has an inherent feature of pulse charging and pulse discharging of the battery which improves its charging/discharging rate. The converter operation in all the possible modes is elucidated, and steady‐state analysis is performed to establish the key performance features. The guidelines for the inductor and capacitor design of the converter are also presented. The control strategy to ensure MPPT simultaneously managing the power flow among SPV, LVDDS, and LEV battery is developed and implemented. The theoretical predictions are validated experimentally on the laboratory prototype of the converter. These results are found to be in close agreement with each other.

Summary Owing to the non‐linear voltage‐current characteristics of the fuel cells, power conditioning of the fuel cell becomes essential before feeding the power to electrical loads. Therefore, in this article, a transformerless high‐gain battery‐integrated dc‐dc boost converter (THGBIBC) is proposed and analyzed for the power conditioning of the fuel‐cell stacks. The proposed converter reduces the input‐current ripple, achieves high voltage gain, and maintains the steady voltage across the load. Moreover, a battery is integrated between the two switches and the two diodes to mitigate the effect of time‐varying loads. The circuit configuration, operation, and steady‐state analysis of the proposed THGBIBC is presented for different switching scenarios for power transfer. The procedure for the design of converter parameters and the selection of switching devices are also presented. The discrete‐time mathematical model of the proposed converter is developed and two decoupled control loops are designed to simultaneously regulate the fuel‐cell stack current and load voltage. Loop pairing of control variables (duty ratios) and output variables (fuel‐cell stack current and load voltage) is established using a relative gain array approach. The control laws are realized using TMS320F28335 DSP and the experimental results for 48 V regulated loads are obtained which are in close agreement with theoretical analysis and simulation results.

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