In a double-blind study, subjects with low to moderate self-esteem received either of two cognitive restructuring interventions. The experimental treatment addressed specific irrational beliefs previously found to be correlated with low self-esteem; the control treatment focused on irrational beliefs not empirically related to self-esteem. Each intervention produced appropriate changes on targeted irrationality measures. The pattern of changes on targeted and nontargeted irrationality scales, however, suggests that improvements in specific rationality readily generalize, a phenomenon which may have obscured posttest differences between the two interventions on a battery of self-esteem measures. Nevertheless, the self-esteem improvements of subjects within each treatment were consistently related to changes on the previously linked beliefs, and conversely, only sporadically related to changes on the nonlinked beliefs.
The lyrics of the 25 most popular songs in America for each of 4 decades (the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s) were content analyzed for value themes. Using ethnographic content analysis, 9 value themes or messages were extracted from the 100 songs. The most frequently occurring theme related to romantic love. Implications for counseling are discussed.
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