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The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality-Youth Version (SNAP-Y) is a new, reliable self-report questionnaire that assesses 15 personality traits relevant to both normal-range personality and the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorder. Community adolescents, 12 to 18 years old (N = 364), completed the SNAP-Y; 347 also completed the Big Five Inventory-Adolescent, 144 provided 2-week retest data, and 128 others completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent. Outpatient adolescents (N = 103) completed the SNAP-Y, and 97 also completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent. The SNAP-Y demonstrated strong psychometric properties, and structural, convergent, discriminant, and external validities. Consistent with the continuity of personality, results paralleled those in adult and college samples using the adult Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality-Second Edition (SNAP-2), from which the SNAP-Y derives and which has established validity in personality-trait assessment across the normal-abnormal continuum. The SNAP-Y thus provides a new, clinically useful instrument to assess personality traits and personality pathology in adolescents.

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This chapter discusses new theoretical and research developments related to the Schedule for Adaptive and Nonadaptive Personality-2 (SNAP-2; Clark, Simms, Wu, & Casillas, in press) in the context of the forthcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), particularly regarding personality disorder (PD). The theoretical underpinnings of dimensional taxonomies of personality traits and PD, and between personality and psychosocial functioning, are considered first. Next, recent SNAP-2 research is reviewed, most notably in the areas of dependency, impulsivity, and schizotypy. In aggregate, the findings suggest that existing SNAP-2 scales cover significant variance in these content domains, but that a SNAP-3 would benefit by increased coverage of each, specifically active/emotional dependency, carefree/-less behavior, and schizotypal disorganization. Information about additional SNAP versions for informant ratings and adolescent personality/PD, respectively, is provided. Finally, the utility of a program of research elucidating relations between personality and functioning is presented.

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