The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality for Youth (SNAP-Y)

Abstract

The Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality-Youth Version (SNAP-Y) is a new, reliable self-report questionnaire that assesses 15 personality traits relevant to both normal-range personality and the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorder. Community adolescents, 12 to 18 years old (N = 364), completed the SNAP-Y; 347 also completed the Big Five Inventory-Adolescent, 144 provided 2-week retest data, and 128 others completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent. Outpatient adolescents (N = 103) completed the SNAP-Y, and 97 also completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Adolescent. The SNAP-Y demonstrated strong psychometric properties, and structural, convergent, discriminant, and external validities. Consistent with the continuity of personality, results paralleled those in adult and college samples using the adult Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality-Second Edition (SNAP-2), from which the SNAP-Y derives and which has established validity in personality-trait assessment across the normal-abnormal continuum. The SNAP-Y thus provides a new, clinically useful instrument to assess personality traits and personality pathology in adolescents.

Development and Validation of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality Brief Self-Description Rating Form (SNAP-BSRF)

“…Similarly, while the SNAP-SRF and SNAP-BSRF showed a significant level of similarity for the four of the five factors extracted (NA, PA, DvC, and selfabsorption), the last factor differed across measures: For the SNAP-BSRF, it consisted mainly of dependency items, whereas for the SNAP-SRF, it consisted of items related to antagonism (see Tables H and I in the online supplement; available at http://asm.sagepub.com/content/by/supplemental-data). Thus, it was unclear whether adding additional factors beyond three resulted in superior models, lending indirect support for a three-factor structure of the SNAP-SRF and the SNAP-BSRF in our sample, consistent with data on the full SNAP (Clark, 1993;Clark et al, 2014;Eaton, Krueger, South, Simms, & Clark, 2011;Harlan & Clark, 1999;Linde, Stringer, Simms, & Clark, 2013).…”

“…Nonsignificant loadings for the dependency items are not atypical in the extant literature validating the structure of the SNAP measures (e.g., Linde et al, 2013). Loadings of <.30 of dependency items on the NA factor have been consistently reported in community and college samples, whereas higher loadings have been reported in clinical samples, suggesting a greater relevance of these items to the latter group (Clark et al, 2014;Eaton et al, 2011;Linde et al, 2013). In the five-factor structures of both the SNAP-SRF and the SNAP-BSRF, the dependency items either split off on their own (e.g., see Table H in the online supplement depicting the five-factor ESEM of the SNAP-BSRF items; available at http://asm.sagepub.com/content/by/supple-mental-data) or are clustered with agreeableness/antagonism items (see Table I in the online supplement depicting the five-factor structure of the SNAP-SRF), suggesting that their structural placement may be difficult to evaluate at the three-factor level.…”

Anxious and Depressive Symptomatology Among Male Youth: The Joint and Interactive Contribution of Temperament and Executive Functioning

“…The SNAP-Y has three broad temperament-trait scales (NT, PT, and disinhibition vs. constraint), the first two of which are the affective dimensions of temperament used in the current study. The SNAP-Y scales have shown strong internal consistencies ( α s for NT and PT = .89 and .86, respectively in a sample of 364 youths aged 12–18 years) and have demonstrated strong convergent and discriminant validity with other self-reported and interview-based measures of personality [56]. In the current sample, internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach’s alphas) and AICs were .89 and .24 for NT and .87 and .20 for PT, respectively.…”

“…Respondents rate targets’ usual personality, that is, what targets are like most of the time, using a six-point Likert-type scale, ranging from “Very Much Like” the low end of the trait to “Very Much Like” the high end of the trait. The SNAP-ORF NT and PT scales have shown acceptable to high internal consistency for these very brief scales, as well as high interparental reliability in an undergraduate-student sample ([57]; M α s and AICs = .71/.45 for NT and .59/.45 for PT; interparent agreement r = .62 for both scales), as well as in a sample of middle- and high-school students ([58]; α s and AICs = .75/.50 and .67/.50 for NT and PT, respectively; interparent agreement r s = .45 and .59 for NT and PT, respectively). In the current sample, internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach’s alphas) and AICs were .73 and .67 for NT and .53 and .45 for PT, respectively.…”

Integrating a Dimensional, Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology into Clinical Practice_

“…ASEBA, for example, has instruments specifically for children. Other instruments consistent with HiTOP have adolescent versions (e.g., Butcher et al, 1992;Linde, Stringer, Simms, & Clark, 2013;Morey, 2007b) and some were developed expressly for children and adolescents (e.g., De Clercq, De Fruyt, Van Leeuwen, & Mervielde, 2006). Hence, HiTOP-consistent approaches to classification can be integrated into the assessment and treatment of youth.…”