Aims: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) K1.1 is one of pathogenic bacteria-causing diarrheal disease. This bacterium was resistant to tetracycline and ampicillin. The use of lytic phage can be a good solution to reduce antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria. This study was to isolate and characterize phage that can lyse EPEC K1.1 cells. Methodology and results: Lytic phage was isolated from domestic waste at Darmaga, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. It uses double layer plaque technique. The kind of phages was determined by the plaque morphology, the structure, the host range, and the protein characteristics of phages as well as storage stability of phage in different buffer conditions. Lytic phage only infects the EPEC K1.1. It does not infect the other bacteria in this research. Electron microscope observation showed that phage FBd3 has icosahedral head with 57.14 nm in diameter and short-non contractile tail with 18.2 nm in length. It was grouped into family Phodoviridae. Lytic phage had good storage stability in Ringers buffer at low temperature (4 °C). It showed that viability of phage decreased by 28.04% after 9 days of storage. Phage FBd3 has six different proteins with various molecular weight: 33 kDa, 42 kDa, 49 kDa, 57 kDa, 77 kDa and 106.7 kDa. This study indicates that EPEC K1.1 can be infected by more than one type of lytic phages. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Lytic phage FBd3 reduces the population of PEC K1.1 effectively. It can be used as a bio-control agent to EPEC that contaminates food and water. Lytic phage found in this study potentially prevent bacterial contamination in food and beverage processing for diarrheal disease prevention.
TRANSOVARIAL TRANSMISSION OF DENV IN AEDES AEGYPTI Background: Transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is a vertical transmission of dengue virus infection in female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to the offspring. The phenomenon of transovarial dengue virus transmission in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) vectors has been proven by laboratory and nature, which indicates the transovarial transmission of dengue virus has an important role in maintaining the dengue epidemic. DHF vector control especially Ae. aegypti mosquitoes is an effective method of stopping transmission and expansion of dengue cases.Purpose: This scientific article aims to understand the spread of dengue virus transovarially in dengue mosquito vectors, and its relation to the prediction of outbreak dengue cases as information on DHF vector surveillance so that it can make the appropriate control program.Methods: Collecting several scientific articles to obtain information on the studies that have been done and summarizing the results of the study.Results: Several result of study are proving that transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Aedes spp. mosquitoes can predict dengue outbreaks case by monitoring the stadium immature Aedes sp., but it need further comprehension statistically about occurrence of dengue outbreaks and the increasing of dengue virus infections in immature stadium of mosquitoes.Discussion: Transovarial transmission rates from Ae. aegypti mosquito sample obtained from nature may be lower than in the laboratory, because laboratory condition can be controlled in accordande with the development of viruses in mosquito bodies. The dengue virus is proven to be able to spread between stages from eggs, larvae, pupae to imago and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes can act as reservoirs for dengue virus until the 7th progeni.Conclusion: Dispersion dengue virus through transovarial in Ae. aegypti mosquito playing important role in viruses maintained in nature during absence of viremic vertebrata host or when the climate condition are not favorable for that viruses. Continuous monitoring of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes population vector related the early detection of virus circulation may contribute to the prediction models for dengue outbreaks, so that DHF control can be more effective.Pendahuluan: Penularan virus dengue secara transovarial pada nyamuk Aedes aegypti adalah transmisi secara vertikal dari nyamuk Ae. aegypti betina yang infektif virus dengue kepada keturunannya. Fenomena penularan transovarial virus dengue pada vektor Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) telah banyak dibuktikan skala laboratorium dan secara natural di alam, yang mengindikasikan penularan transovarial virus dengue memiliki peranan penting dalam mempertahankan epidemik DBD. Pengendalian vektor DBD khususnya nyamuk Ae. aegypti merupakan salah satu metode efektif dalam menghentikan penularan dan perluasan kasus DBD.Tujuan: Studi ini untuk memahami penyebaran virus dengue secara transovarial pada vektor nyamuk DBD, serta kaitannya terhadap prediksi kasus luar biasa (KLB) DBD sebagai informasi surveilans vektor DBD sehingga dapat membuat program pengendalian yang tepat.Metode: Dengan mengumpulkan beberapa artikel ilmiah untuk mendapatkan informasi studi yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya dan membuat ringkasan dari hasil studi tersebut.Hasil: Beberapa studi membuktikan penelitian transovarial virus dengue pada nyamuk Aedes spp. dapat memprediksi kasus KLB DBD dengan cara memonitoring stadium immature Aedes sp., namun perlu dilakukan studi statistik lebih lanjut untuk membuktikan hubungan terjadinya KLB DBD dan meningkatnya infeksi virus dengue pada stadium immature nyamuk.Pembahasan: Angka infeksi penularan transovarial virus dengue dari sampel nyamuk Ae. aegypti yang didapatkan langsung dari alam lebih rendah dari skala laboratorium, dikarenakan kondisi laboratorium dapat dikendalikan sesuai dengan perkembangan virus ditubuh nyamuk. Virus dengue terbukti dapat menyebar antar stadium dari telur, larva, pupa, sampai imago dan nyamuk Ae. aegypti dapat menjadi reservoir virus dengue sampai progeni ke 7.Kesimpulan: Penyebaran virus dengue secara transovarial pada nyamuk Ae. aegypti berperan penting dalam mempertahankan keberadaan virus di alam khususnya dimana tidak ada hospes vertebrata yang viremik atau ketika keadaan (kondisi iklim) yang tidak menguntungkan virus tersebut di alam. Pemantauan berkelanjutan pada vektor demam berdarah nyamuk Ae. aegypti terkait deteksi dini sirkulasi virus dengue dapat berkontribusi pada pengembangan model prediksi KLB DBD, sehingga pengendalian DBD dapat lebih efektif.
Penemuan kasus baru TB BTA (+), seluruh kasus TB, dan Case Notification Rate (CNR) per 100.000 penduduk di Provinsi Lampung pada tahun 2017 sebesar 4.195 kasus terdiri dari 2.587 kasus pada laki-laki dan 1.608 kasus pada perempuan, dan CNR seluruh kasus TB sebesar 51%. Hasil survei di wilayah Puskesmas Kota Bandar Lampung ditemukan peningkatan kasus TB paru pada tahun 2015,2016,2017, dan 2018 dengan hasil masing–masing 125,138,142, dan 157 kasus yang terdiagnosa TB paru. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kegagalan pengobatan pasien TB paru di Puskesmas Kota Bandar Lampung Tahun 2018. Jenis penelitian kuantitatif, rancangan survey analitik dengan pendekatan case control. Populasi seluruh pasien TB parugagal pengobatan sebanyak 63 pasien dengan teknik total sampling. Pengambilan data menggunakan lembar kuesioner. Teknik analisis data menggunakan uji statistik Chi Square. Ada hubungan merokok dengan kegagalan pengobatan pasien TB paru ( p-value 0,000 <α 0,05). OR: 4,180. Ada hubungan perilaku pencegahan dengan kegagalan pengobatan pasien TB paru ( p-value 0,000 < α 0,05).OR: 4,267. Ada hubungan pengawas minum obat dengan kegagalan pengobatan pasien TB paru ( p-value 0,011 < α 0,05). OR: 2,750. Ada hubungan lingkungan dengan kegagalan pengobatan pasien TB paru, diperoleh ( p-value 0,004 <α 0,05). OR: 3,088. Ada hubungan merokok, perilaku pencegahan, pengawas minum obat dan lingkungan dengan kegagalan pengobatan TB paru.
Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that live within plant tissues and can produce the same compounds as their host. Leea indica, commonly known as bandicoot berry, is a medicinal plant with various bioactive compounds. A study on the diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from L. indica has never been reported. So this study is essential to conduct to explore the diversity and antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria in the L.indica plant. The objective of the study was to isolate, identify, and screening of antioxidant activity of endophytic bacteria from L. indica leaf. We obtained 51 bacterial isolates with various of morphology. Microscopic identification showed that 44 isolates were categorized into Gram-negative (23 rod-shaped, 18 cocci-shaped, and 3 cocci bacilli-shaped isolates), and the other 7 isolates were categorized into Gram-positive (6 rod-shaped and 1 cocci-shaped isolates). The biochemical test showed that 100% of isolates have positive catalase, and 13.7% were suspected of having pathogenic activity on blood agar. The antioxidant activity showed that 17 isolates (more than 70%) had high inhibition by scavenging free radicals. It can be concluded that there are various endophytic bacteria isolated from L. Indica leaf and potentially producing antioxidant activity as their host.
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