A physical therapist evaluated a 25-year-old male military trainee, who reported 1 week of left hip pain exacerbated by running and sitting cross-legged. At follow-up, the patient reported unchanged hip pain and new left knee pain. Due to potential for multifocal stress injuries outside the visual field of a single MRI, bone scan and single-photon emission computerized tomography were chosen as imaging modalities. Imaging revealed a nondisplaced lateral left-sided sacral stress fracture and left calcaneal stress fracture. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(11):965. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.0411.
The ability of 11 microorganisms to convert o-, m-, and p-xylene to monophenolic metabolites was evaluated. Four organisms were found to produce qualitatively identical products to those observed with mammalian systems. Recent reports from our laboratories indicate that series of microorganisms can be defined that mimic mammalian aromatic hydroxylations (1, 5, 6). We have suggested that socalled "microbial models of mammalian metabolism" be utilized in xenobiotic metabolism studies for the preparative synthesis of metabolites formed in parallel mammalian and microbial experiments. The conversion of o-, m-, and p-xylenes by mammalian systems to monophenolic metabolites has been well described in the literature (1, 3, 4). It was proposed that microbial aromatic hydroxylations of these substrates be investigated in search of parallel transformations. Microorganisms investigated for aromatic hydroxylase activity toward o-, m-, and p-xylenes were Aspergillus niger (ATCC 9142), Aspergillus ochraceous (ATCC 1008), Cunninghamella bainieri (ATCC 9244), Cunninghamella blakesleeana (ATCC 8688a)
In traditional production plants, current technologies do not provide sufficient context to support information integration and interpretation. Digital transformation technologies have the potential to support contextualization, but it is unclear how this can be achieved. The present article presents a selection of the psychological literature in four areas relevant to contextualization: information sampling, information integration, categorization, and causal reasoning. Characteristic biases and limitations of human information processing are discussed. Based on this literature, we derive functional requirements for digital transformation technologies, focusing on the cognitive activities they should support. We then present a selection of technologies that have the potential to foster contextualization. These technologies enable the modelling of system relations, the integration of data from different sources, and the connection of the present situation with historical data. We illustrate how these technologies can support contextual reasoning, and highlight challenges that should be addressed when designing human–machine cooperation in cyber-physical production systems.
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