The decision-making processes of referees in sports are affected by many factors, including the pressure of spectators. While the home/visitor bias has been previously investigated, the role of crowd noise has been less studied. In the present study, we investigated how the crowd noise (calm vs. pressing) influence the decisions of basketball referees, when examining videos of potential fouls. In doing so, we also considered the level of competitive anxiety of referees (low vs. high anxiety), as factor potentially interacting with the pressure exerted by the spectators. A 2 × 2 ANOVA (Crowd noise x Anxiety) revealed a significant interaction [F(1,28) = 7.33; p < 0.05; ηp2 = 0.21; power = 0.74], with the highly anxious referees showing poorer performances in the pressing crowd condition [t(14) = 2.24; p < 0.05; d = 0.64]. The results indicate that the crowd noise does not seem to affect the referees' decisions, unless we consider the anxiety. The present findings suggest that the decisions of referees with high anxiety might be more easily influenced by external factors like crowd noise. Based on these results, referees' federations should consider the possibility to develop training protocols dedicated to highly anxious referees, to avoid their decisions from being biased by spectators' pressure.
La calidad de la relación de pareja es ampliamente reconocida como la piedra angular del funcionamiento familiar adaptativo (Gao, Du, Davies, y Cummings, 2018). Por el contrario, el conflicto interparental, entendido como cualquier diferencia, desacuerdo, o discusión sobre un tema de la vida familiar, incluyendo todo tipo de conflictos psicológicos y físicos (Cummings y Davies,
Despite the numerous benefits associated with sport practice, many children and adolescents end up quitting it year after year, with a stable dropout rate between 10 and 19 years of age. Among the causes of sport abandonment, the scientific literature highlights the presence of burnout as a fundamental factor. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of the three components of sport burnout-emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation-reported by a sample of young (former) athletes, depending on whether their sport abandonment was relative (i.e., change to another sport modality) or definitive. In particular, participants were former agonist road cyclists, who have been divided into three groups on the basis of what they did after abandoning road bicycle racing, namely: (a) those still involved in cycling, either in a different specialty (e.g., mountain bike) or with a different role (e.g., coach for kids); (b) those who started practicing a different sport; and (c) those who definitively abandoned sports. The general hypothesis was that, with respect to those who changed sport and those who definitively abandoned it, those still involved in cycling would report experiencing lower levels of the three burnout components during the last year practicing it. To test this hypothesis, the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ; Raedeke and Smith, 2001) was administered to 85 young former road cyclists. The results seem to support the hypothesis for two out of the three components, namely, emotional and physical exhaustion and sport devaluation; on the other hand, for reduced sense of accomplishment, no difference among the three groups emerged. Further research is needed to deepen the understanding of such processes, also in relation with other relevant constructs; yet, the results of the present study should already raise the awareness of sport organizations on the need to deal with this and related phenomena by adopting appropriate strategies to ensure the well-being of young athletes, thus trying to reduce early dropout.
RESUMENEl presente estudio de caso se realiza con el objetivo de analizar la relación existente entre el síndrome de burnout, la satisfacción laboral y el conflicto de rol en el ámbito de la enseñanza secundaria gallega. Se parte de la hipótesis de que la satisfacción laboral estaría indirectamente relacionada con el burnout, mientras que el conflicto de rol mantendría una relación directa con el síndrome. Los análisis de datos realizados permiten confirmar las hipótesis de partida establecidas. Por un lado, la satisfacción laboral muestra estadísticamente una relación significativa e inversa con el burnout y el conflicto de rol presenta una relación directa. Por otra parte, no se encuentra relación alguna entre satisfacción laboral y conflicto de rol. A mayores, estas dos variables explican un tercio de la variabilidad del burnout. Palabras clave: Burnout. Satisfacción laboral. Conflicto de rol. Docencia. ABSTRACTThe aim of this case study is to analyze the relationship between the burnout syndrome, job satisfaction and role conflict in the context of Galician secondary school teaching. It is hypothesized that job satisfaction would be indirectly related to burnout, whereas role conflict would have a direct relationship with the syndrome. The data analyses confirm the initial hypotheses. On the one hand, job satisfaction shows a statistically significant inverse relationship with burnout and the role conflict showed a direct relationship. On the other hand, differences between job satisfaction and role conflict are not found. In addition, these two variables explain a third part of the burnout variability.
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