This study (conducted as PhD research at Rhodes University, South Africa) describes a formative interventionist research project conducted to explore factors inhibiting improved wetland management within a corporate plantation forestry context and determine if, and how, expansive social learning processes could strengthen organizational learning and development to overcome these factors. A series of formative interventionist workshops and feedback meetings took place over three years; developing new knowledge amongst staff of Company X, and improved wetland management practices. Through the expansive learning process, the tensions and contradictions that emerged became generative, supporting expansive learning that was reflectively engaged with throughout the research period. The study was== supported by an epistemological framework of cultural historical activity theory and expansive learning. Realist social theory, emerging from critical realism, with its methodological compliment the morphogenetic framework gave the research the depth of detail required to explain how the expansive learning, organizational social change, and boundary crossings that are necessary for assembling the collective were taking place. This provided ontological depth to the research. The research found that expansive learning processes, which are also social learning processes (hence we use the term 'expansive social learning', supported organizational learning and development for improved wetland management. Five types of changes emerged from the research: (1) Changes in structure, (2) changes in practice, (3) changes in approach, (4) changes in discourse, and (5) changes in knowledge, values, and thinking. The study was able to explain how these changes occurred via the interaction of structural emergent properties and powers; cultural emergent properties and powers; and personal emergent properties and powers of agents. It was concluded that expansive learning could provide an environmental education platform to proactively work with the sociological potential of morphogenesis to bring about future change via an open-ended participatory and reflexive expansive learning process.Sustainability 2019, 11, 4230 2 of 31 important ecosystems on our planet [2]. Yet some key individuals and collective agents in organizations that manage large tracts of land, such as in plantation forestry, continue to not always recognize their value to the company and broader society. They rather see wetlands and their ecosystem services as a 'matter of fact' [1] removed from and separate from the business of, for example, producing forestry products and paper. Despite the high value of wetlands to society, global wetland and river degradation over the previous 100 years has been alarmingly high [3]. In South Africa alone, about half of the country's wetlands are being lost due predominantly to a range of different types of development [4]. They are the most threatened ecosystem in South Africa today [5], with over 52% of wetlands being critically endangere...
The role of body size in shaping the form and function of animals has attracted the attention of scientists for decades (Calder, 1996).Larger body size provides crucial benefits including higher fitness and fecundity (Barneche et al., 2018), and competitive advantages within (Newman, 1956) and among species (Persson, 1985). A reduction in body size has been proposed as the third universal response of animals to the warming climate (Daufresne et al., 2009). Yet, empirical evidence to test this hypothesis at broader spatiotemporal contexts is lacking in freshwater ecosystems.Traditional methods of measuring fish and amphibians often involve use of anesthetics and prolonged handling (Bonar et al.
A 2-year telemetry study was conducted April-July in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate migration behavior and survival of juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and coho salmon (O. kisutch) in the Klickitat River, Washington. A total of 612 natural-origin steelhead, collected in a smolt trap on the Klickitat River, were tagged, released, and monitored as they outmigrated through the lower 17 kilometers (km) of the Klickitat River, and in the 52 km reach between the mouth of the Klickitat River and Bonneville Dam. The primary goal of the steelhead study was to estimate survival through the Klickitat River delta, the 2 km reach located at the confluence of the Klickitat and Columbia rivers. A total of 400 hatcheryorigin coho salmon were tagged and released at the Klickitat Hatchery and monitored during migration through the lower 68 km of the Klickitat River and in the Columbia River to Bonneville Dam. The primary goals of the coho salmon study were (1) to estimate survival through the Klickitat River delta and (2) to determine residence time in the Klickitat River to assess potential for interactions with rearing naturalorigin fish.Many tagged steelhead and coho salmon moved quickly downstream and left the Klickitat River shortly after release. Median elapsed time from release to Klickitat River exit ranged from 1.4 to 1.5 days for steelhead, and from 5.1 to 12.9 days for coho salmon during the two-year study. Ten percent of the tagged coho salmon in 2018 remained in the Klickitat River for 21.9-29.2 days before entering the Columbia River. In 2019, ten percent of the tagged coho salmon remained in the Klickitat River for 36.0-45.5 days before entering the Columbia River. This suggests that some hatchery fish spend considerable time in the river after hatchery release. Migration rates were consistently slow for both species in the Klickitat River delta compared to upstream reaches of the free-flowing 1 U.S. Geological Survey 2 Yakama Nation Fisheries Program Klickitat River and downstream reaches of the Columbia River. Similarly, reach-specific survival was highest in freeflowing reaches of the Klickitat River and lowest near the Klickitat River delta. Cumulative survival from release to sites located downstream of the Klickitat River delta were 0.78 for juvenile steelhead in both 2018 and 2019, and 0.57 and 0.61 for juvenile coho salmon in 2018 and 2019. Standardized survival estimates (survival per 100 river kilometers) were 0.243 in 2018 and 0.302 in 2019 for steelhead, and 0.100 in 2018 and 0.153 in 2019 for coho salmon. These estimates of standardized survival are low compared to similar estimates from other rivers in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California. This study provided new information about survival and residence time of juvenile steelhead and coho salmon in the Klickitat River. Additional studies would be helpful to understand factors affecting outmigration survival and overlap between hatchery-origin and natural-original juvenile steelhead and coho salmon in the system.
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