n the rush to go global, corporations are asking their employees to be I effective across distances never before mastered, depending on new innovations in communication technology to tie everyone together. These leaner companies are simultaneously emphasizing flexible team structures as the organizational molecule most responsive to rapid developments in products and markets. Teams of professionals, armed with laptop computers, fax-modems, E-mail, voice mail, videoconferencing, interactive databases, and fi-equent-flyer memberships, are being sent out to conduct business in this global arena.However, managers responsible for leading such teams have found that distance remains a very real dimension in human relations, despite electronic media and jet travel. A decision made in one country elicits an unexpected reaction from team members in another country. Remote offices fight for influence with the head office. Telephone conferences find This chapter is based on an earlier version, "Managing Geographic, Temporal and Cultural Distances in Distributed Work Groups," presented at the

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As an exoplanet orbits its host star it reflects and emits light, forming a distinctive phase curve 1,2 . By observing this light, we can study the atmosphere and surface of distant planets. The planets in our Solar System show a wide range of atmospheric phenomena, with stable wind patterns, changing storms, and evolving anomalies. Brown dwarfs also exhibit atmospheric variability 3,4 . Such temporal variability in the atmosphere of a giant exoplanet has not to date been observed. HAT-P-7 b is an exoplanet with a known offset in the peak of its phase curve 5,6 . Here we present variations in the peak offset ranging between -0.086 +0.033 -0.033 to 0.143 +0.040 -0.037 in phase, implying that the peak brightness repeatedly shifts from one side of the planet's substellar point to the other. The variability occurs on a timescale of tens to hundreds of days. These shifts in brightness are indicative of variability in the planet's atmosphere, and result from a changing balance of thermal emission and reflected flux from the planet's dayside. We suggest that variation in wind speed in the planetary atmosphere, leading to variable cloud coverage on the dayside and a changing energy balance, is capable of explaining the observed variation. Time (BJD-2454833)Peak Offset (Phase) Author ContributionsDJA obtained and detrended the data, developed and fit the phase curve models, implemented the atmospheric model, produced the figures and wrote the manuscript. EdM developed the discussion, contributed to the tests performed to check the results, and tested the results with his own models. HPO contributed to the phase curve model, and produced visual interpretations of the results. JBa developed the discussion of the atmospheric processes behind the peak offset variations. JBl provided the initial development of the phase curve model. NFS contributed to development of the figures. All authors commented on the manuscript.

We present here the first observationally based determination of the rate of occurrence of circumbinary planets. This is derived from the publicly available Kepler data, using an automated search algorithm and debiasing process to produce occurrence rates implied by the seven systems already known. These rates depend critically on the planetary inclination distribution: if circumbinary planets are preferentially coplanar with their host binaries, as has been suggested, then the rate of occurrence of planets with R p > 6R ⊕ orbiting with P p < 300 d is 10.0 +18 −6.5 % (95% confidence limits), higher than but consistent with single star rates. If on the other hand the underlying planetary inclination distribution is isotropic, then this occurrence rate rises dramatically, to give a lower limit of 47%. This implies that formation and subsequent dynamical evolution in circumbinary disks must either lead to largely coplanar planets, or proceed with significantly greater ease than in circumstellar disks. As a result of this investigation we also show that giant planets (>10R ⊕ ) are significantly less common in circumbinary orbits than their smaller siblings, and confirm that the proposed shortfall of circumbinary planets orbiting the shorter period binaries in the Kepler sample is a real effect.

We present the discovery of four new transiting hot Jupiters, detected mainly from SuperWASP-North and SOPHIE observations. These new planets, WASP-52b, WASP-58b, WASP-59b, and WASP-60b, have orbital periods ranging from 1.7 to 7.9 days, masses between 0.46 and 0.94 M Jup , and radii between 0.73 and 1.49 R Jup . Their G1 to K5 dwarf host stars have V magnitudes in the range 11.7−13.0. The depths of the transits are between 0.6 and 2.7%, depending on the target. With their large radii, WASP-52b and WASP-58b are new cases of low-density, inflated planets, whereas WASP-59b is likely to have a large, dense core. WASP-60 shows shallow transits. In the case of WASP-52 we also detected the Rossiter-McLaughlin anomaly via time-resolved spectroscopy of a transit. We measured the sky-projected obliquity λ = 24 • +17 −9 , indicating that WASP-52b orbits in the same direction as its host star is rotating and that this prograde orbit is slightly misaligned with the stellar equator. These four new planetary systems increase our statistics on hot Jupiters and provide new targets for follow-up studies.

Aims. We have created a catalogue of variable stars found from a search of the publicly available K2 mission data from Campaigns 1 and 0. This catalogue provides the identifiers of 8395 variable stars, including 199 candidate eclipsing binaries with periods up to 60 d and 3871 periodic or quasi-periodic objects, with periods up to 20 d for Campaign 1 and 15 d for Campaign 0. Methods. Lightcurves are extracted and detrended from the available data. These are searched using a combination of algorithmic and human classification, leading to a classifier for each object as an eclipsing binary, sinusoidal periodic, quasi periodic, or aperiodic variable. The source of the variability is not identified, but could arise in the non-eclipsing binary cases from pulsation or stellar activity. Each object is cross-matched against variable star related guest observer proposals to the K2 mission, which specifies the variable type in some cases. The detrended lightcurves are also compared to lightcurves currently publicly available. Results. The resulting catalogue gives the ID, type, period, semi-amplitude, and range of the variation seen. We also make available the detrended lightcurves for each object.

We embark on a study of quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) in the decay phase of white-light stellar flares observed by Kepler. Out of the 1439 flares on 216 different stars detected in the short-cadence data using an automated search, 56 flares are found to have pronounced QPP-like signatures in the light curve, of which 11 have stable decaying oscillations. No correlation is found between the QPP period and the stellar temperature, radius, rotation period and surface gravity, suggesting that the QPPs are independent of global stellar parameters. Hence they are likely to be the result of processes occurring in the local environment. There is also no significant correlation between the QPP period and flare energy, however there is evidence that the period scales with the QPP decay time for the Gaussian damping scenario, but not to a significant degree for the exponentially damped case. This same scaling has been observed for MHD oscillations on the Sun, suggesting that they could be the cause of the QPPs in those flares. Scaling laws of the flare energy are also investigated, supporting previous reports of a strong correlation between the flare energy and stellar temperature/radius. A negative correlation between the flare energy and stellar surface gravity is also found.

We have combined the Kepler Eclipsing Binary Catalogue with information from the HES, KIS and 2MASS photometric surveys to produce spectral energy distribution fits to over 2600 eclipsing binaries in the catalogue over a wavelength range of 0.36 to 2.16Å. We present primary (T 1 ) and secondary (T 2 ) stellar temperatures, plus information on the stellar radii and system distance ratios. The derived temperatures are on average accurate to 370K in T 1 and 620K in T 2 . Our results improve on the similarly derived physical parameters of the Kepler Input Catalogue through consideration of both stars of the binary system rather than a single star model, and inclusion of additional U band photometry. We expect these results to aid future uses of the Kepler Eclipsing Binary data, both in target selection and to inform users of the extremely high precision light curves available. We do not include surface gravities or system metallicities, as these were found to have an insignificant effect on the observed photometric bands.