Background: This study compared the effects of performing different unilateral combined training interventions on diverse vertical and horizontal jumping performance parameters, change of direction, concentric and eccentric mean power, and their associated inter-limb asymmetries in young soccer players. Methods: Forty-seven young male soccer players (age: 15.5 ± 0.9 years) were distributed into three groups. Two groups performed the same training volume with both legs, beginning with the weaker leg (Stronger Volume Weaker leg group (SVW), n = 14) or with the stronger leg (Stronger Volume Stronger leg group, (SVS), n = 15). The third group executed double the volume with the weaker leg and also commenced with such leg (Double Volume Weaker leg group (DVW), n = 16) during a 10-week period. Pre- and post-intervention tests included a single-leg hop, single-leg lateral hop, triple hop, bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps, a change of direction speed test, concentric and eccentric mean power during the lateral squat test, and their corresponding asymmetries. Results: Single-leg hop weaker leg, triple hop weaker leg, and bilateral countermovement jump improvements were achieved in the SVW (ES: 0.29 to 0.46) and DVW (ES: 0.55 to 0.73) groups. Between-groups analysis showed better results in single-leg hop in the SVW and DVW compared to group SVS. The DVW group achieved better improvements in countermovement jump in comparison to groups SVS and SVW. Conclusions: Groups that started with the weaker leg seemed to achieve a greater volume of significant changes than when starting with the stronger leg. Performing a double volume on the weaker limb does not guarantee further improved performance compared to other groups.

El kárate consta de multitud de acciones ejercidas con el tren inferior que deben ser realizadas con la mayor fuerza y en el menor tiempo posible. En este deporte los saltos y las patadas son dos técnicas que necesitan de altos valores de fuerza explosiva siendo además las más efectuadas en competición. Existe una relación entre el entrenamiento pliométrico y el rendimiento deportivo, así como entre las asimetrías musculares y el aumento de las probabilidades de sufrir una lesión. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar los efectos de dos metodologías de entrenamiento pliométrico, monopodal versus bipodal, sobre los valores de fuerza explosiva del tren inferior y la corrección de asimetrías en karatekas. 20 competidores de la modalidad de kumité participaron de manera voluntaria en la investigación. Los valores de la fuerza explosiva fueron evaluados mediante el test de salto CMJ y horizontal, y las asimetrías a través de la fórmula de Bishop. Ambas metodologías de entrenamiento incrementaron los valores de fuerza explosiva y redujeron las asimetrías. El entrenamiento bipodal se mostró como el más efectivo, pronosticando con una probabilidad del 80% una mejora en el salto horizontal monopodal con la pierna no dominante respecto al entrenamiento monopodal. Ambos entrenamientos se mostraron eficaces para prevenir lesiones y mejorar el rendimiento. Abstract. Karate consists of a multitude of actions performed with the undercarriage which must be carried out with the greatest force and in the shortest time possible. In this sport, jumps and kicks are two techniques that require high values of explosive force and are also the most performed in competition. There is a relationship between plyometric training and sports performance, as well as between muscular asymmetries and the increase in the probability of suffering an injury. The aim of this study was to test the effects of two plyometric training methodologies, monopodal versus bipodal, on the explosive strength values of the lower body and the correction of asymmetries in karatekas. 20 competitors of the kumite modality voluntarily participated in the research. The values of the explosive force were evaluated by means of the CMJ and horizontal jump test, and the asymmetries by means of Bishop's formula. Both training methodologies increased explosive force values and reduced asymmetries. Bipodal training was shown to be the most effective, predicting with an 80% probability an improvement in monopodal horizontal jumping with the non-dominant leg over monopodal training. Both trainings were shown to be effective in preventing injuries and improving performance.

Background: The present study compared the effects of performing the lateral squat exercise in three different formats from eccentric overload training on concentric/eccentric peak/mean power and inter-limb asymmetries in young soccer players. Methods: Forty-five young male (U-17) soccer players were distributed into three groups. Two groups performed the same training volume with both legs, beginning with the weaker leg (SVW, n = 15) or with the stronger leg (SVS, n = 15). The third group executed double volume with the weaker leg and also commenced with such leg (DVW, n = 15) in the lateral squat during a 10-week period. Pre- and post-intervention metrics included concentric and eccentric peak/mean power during the lateral squat test and their corresponding asymmetries. Results: All groups improved all power variables. Concentric mean and peak power asymmetry were substantially reduced in the SVW (ES: 0.89), DVW (ES: 0.43), and in SVW (ES: 1.60). Eccentric mean and peak power asymmetry were also substantially decreased in SVW (ES: 0.81) and in DVW (ES: 0.68). Between-group analyses showed substantially better performance in concentric and eccentric variables with stronger and weaker legs in SVW and DVW groups compared with SVS. Conclusions: Those groups which started with the weaker leg showed greater both power enhancements and reductions on inter-limb asymmetries.

Son pocos los practicantes que realizan actividades físicas organizadas. Con el objeto de incrementar el número de abonados, las organizaciones que ofrecen servicios deportivos deben mejorar la percepción del servicio prestado. El objeto de este trabajo es construir un instrumento que mida la satisfacción de los usuarios de organizaciones deportivas. La escala de percepción del servicio recibido está formada por cuatro dimensiones: técnicos deportivos, recursos materiales, actividades e imagen de la organización. Ha sido validada mediante la validez de contenido y la fiabilidad de la misma fue determinada mediante el Alpha de Cronbach, con un valor de 0,916 para el total de la escala. En su aplicación práctica hemos visto que las dimensiones que han alcanzado una valoración más alta han sido los técnicos y la imagen de la organización. Se han encontrado diferencias en la percepción del servicio recibido en función del sexo y la actividad practicada. En conclusión, la escala de percepción de la organización deportiva es un instrumento que cumple con los requisitos psicométricos esenciales, al tiempo que es de fácil aplicación y proporciona datos relevantes para los responsables de las organizaciones.Abstract: There are not too much people who practice physical activities organized. With the purpose to increase the number of this kind of people, organizations which give sport services must improve the perception of the service provided. The purpose of this research is to make an instrument that measures the satisfaction of users from sport organizations. The scale of perception from the service received consist of four dimensions: sport trainers, material resources, activities and image of the organization. It has been validated by content validity and reliability of the scale was determined trough Alpha of Cronbach with a valve of 0.916 for totally of the scale. In our application we have seem that the dimensions which have reached highest marks have been sport trainers and image of the organization. We have found some differences in the perception of the services recived depending on the sex and the activity that users practice. In conclusion, the scale of perception for sport organizations is a tool which meets the essential psychometric requirements, and at the same time it is easy application and provides relevant information for managers of organizations.

Los gestores deportivos buscan conocer las percepciones e implantar programas que garanticen la satisfacción y continuidad de los clientes, debido al incremento de práctica de actividad física y de la competitividad de los servicios deportivos. Objetivo: constatar la existencia de diferencias en el modelo que relaciona calidad, satisfacción y valor percibido en función del género y la edad de los usuarios de actividades deportivas organizadas. Método: 1.654 personas (44.9 % mujeres), con una edad media de 32.52 ± 14.70 años participaron en el estudio. El instrumento utilizado fue el cuestionario EPOD2 y como pruebas estadísticas se realizaron análisis exploratorios, correlaciones, alfa de Cronbach, AVE, FC, invariancias factoriales y coeficientes de regresión. Resultados: La valoración de la actividad fue positiva, siendo la satisfacción la percepción más puntuada, seguida por valor y calidad. Las mujeres valoraron mejor el servicio, encontrándose diferencias significativas por género en la valoración de calidad, y diferencias significativas en función de la edad y sexo en la evaluación de valor. La calidad tiene relación directa y significativa con el valor, siendo ambos conceptos un antecedente de la satisfacción. Conclusiones: el usuario de actividades deportivas organizadas tiene una percepción muy positiva del servicio. Las mujeres valoran en mejor medida la calidad y el valor. A menor edad, menor estimación del valor. Los resultados del estudio justifican el establecimiento de estrategias de gestión para la mejora de la calidad y valor percibido con el fin de satisfacer y fidelizar al cliente.  Abstract. Sports managers try to understand customer perceptions and to implement programmes that guarantee clients satisfaction and continuity, because of the increase in the practice of physical activity and the competitiveness of sports services. Objective: to determine the existence of differences in the model that relates quality, satisfaction and perceived value according to the gender and age of the users of organized sports activities. Method: 1.654 people (44.9% women), with a mean age of 32.52 ± 14.70 years participated in the study. The instrument used was the EPOD2 questionnaire and exploratory tests, correlations, Cronbach's alpha, AVE, composite reliability, factorial invariances and regression coefficients were used as statistical tests. Results: the activity assessment was positive, with satisfaction as the highest rated perception, followed by value and quality. Women rated the service better, finding significant differences by gender in the assessment of quality, and significant differences according to age and sex in the assessment of value. Quality has a direct and significant relationship with value, both concepts being an antecedent of satisfaction. Conclusions: the user of organized sports activities has a very positive perception of the service. Women rate quality and value more highly. The younger the age, the lower the value assessment. The results of the study justify the establishment of management strategies for the improvement of quality and perceived value in order to satisfy customers and build customer loyalty.

El desarrollo de nuevos métodos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la educación superior demandan la aportación de evidencias científicas que señalen su efectividad en el rendimiento académico del alumnado. El presente estudio evalúa el efecto de un programa de intervención basado en la combinación de las metodologías de aula invertida e instrucción entre pares sobre una parte de las calificaciones académicas obtenidas por estudiantes universitarios en una asignatura. Se realizó un diseño cuasi-experimental en el que participaron 52 estudiantes universitarios del 3º curso de Grado en Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte que cursaban la asignatura de Gestión y Organización de Eventos. El grupo experimental recibió durante tres clases los contenidos de la asignatura a través de la combinación metodológica de aula invertida y de instrucción entre pares, mientras que el grupo control lo hizo siguiendo una metodología tradicional. Para comparar la eficacia de la intervención se midió la calificación académica de un contenido de la asignatura a través de un examen teórico. Los resultados del estudio mostraron una asociación positiva y significativa entre recibir clases con la combinación metodológica y el acierto en el examen. Por tanto, la combinación de una metodología utilizada parece mostrarse más eficaz que la metodología tradicional para mejorar la compresión de conceptos teóricos en el alumnado universitario. Abstract: The development of new teaching-learning methods in higher education require the contribution of scientific evidence that indicates whether these types of methodologies are effective. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of an intervention programme based on the combination of flipped classroom and peer instruction on the grades of university students in an academic subject. Fifty-two university students of the 3rd course of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences Degree participated in this quasi-experimental study. The contents of the subject were taught through three lessons by a methodological combination of flipped classroom and peer instruction in the experimental group, while in the control group the same contents and number of lessons were taught following a traditional methodology. The students' grades were measured in a part of the subject by means a theoretical exam to assess the effectiveness of the two types of methodologies implemented. The results of the study showed a positive and significant association between receiving lessons with the methodological combination and getting the different exam questions right. Therefore, the combination of this methodologies seems to be more effective than the traditional methodology for improving the understanding in university students.

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Teachers' perception of insufficient training is one of the reasons why outdoor activities are not carried out properly in some schools. The aim of this qualitative study was to know the opinion of future teachers about this content. A total of 62 students (34 men and 28 women; 22.74±1.57 years) from the Degree in Primary School Education from a Spanish university participated voluntarily. To collect data, practice diaries were employed, completed at the end of the different work contents. A content analysis of the 477 journals delivered through the software NVivo 12-Plus programme was carried out. Previously, a category system defined by two dimensions was established: Firstly, the sensations aroused by the practice of outdoor activities; secondly, their possible replicability in a Primary School classroom. In the first dimension, references to the emotional and social facets dominated. In the second one, the perception of an improvement in professional performance and the intention of replicating it due to its high educational value, as well as the limitations to its applicability in schools were remarkable. It can be concluded that initial training should focus more on finding solutions to the limitations encountered by students.