Over a period of 19 yr, the harvestman (Opiliones) community associated with the lowbush blueberry agro-ecosystem in Maine was studied. Eight species representing five genera, four subfamilies, and two families of harvestmen belonging to the suborder Eupnoi were collected. The harvestman community was dominated by two introduced, synanthropic species: Phalangium opilio in all but 1 yr (that year dominated by Rilaena triangularis). Rilaena was recorded for the first time from eastern North America. Relative abundance of harvestman adults increases throughout the season and the temporal pattern of trap capture does not refute speculated life cycles of the harvestmen being univoltine with overwintering eggs. Some blueberry management practices were found to affect trap capture. We did find that on average (with opposite results 1 yr) trap captures are greater in pruned fields than in fruit-bearing fields. Organic fields were found to have higher relative abundance of harvestmen than conventionally managed fields. Conventionally managed fields with reduced-risk insecticides showed no difference in harvestmen relative abundance compared with those conventionally managed fields using the older more persistent organophosphate insecticides. Insecticide trials with common insecticides used in blueberry insect pest management showed that the organophosphate insecticide, phosmet, and the pyrethroid insecticide, esfenvalerate, were detrimental to P. opilio adults when exposed to leaf residues, whereas the reduced-risk insecticide, spinosad, showed no negative effects compared with nonsprayed foliage.
In the years c. 928 to 935, sole responsibility for the production of Latin diplomas was entrusted to the royal draftsman known to modern scholarship as ‘Æthelstan A’. The documents he produced are entirely different from any previous example of the Anglo-Saxon diploma. Not only does he modify the very form of the diploma, but he writes in a Latin style that is marked by its sophistication, ostentation and learning, a kind of Latin that was a forerunner to the so-called ‘hermeneutic’ Latin that dominates Anglo-Latin literature of the mid-tenth century and beyond. Never before had the royal diploma's rhetorical properties been exploited to such a degree and it seems no coincidence that these documents appeared following King Æthelstan's momentous political conquest of the North in 927.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.