While most of the clinical concerns for Parkinson's disease (PD) are limited to the cardinal motor abnormalities, non-motor features like cognitive and psychological anomalies are also acquired ample of importance in last few decades. Progressive research has showcased several obvious incidences of cognitive and psychological anomalies in the pathophysiology of PD. It has been reported that, almost 30% PD sufferers show different degree of cognitive impairment but lack of awareness or negligence makes it difficult to diagnose it, at the initial stage of the disease. As a result, cognitive and psychological impairments continue to increases progressively and deteriorate the quality of life of the patient. It is presumable that, early detection of PD can be achieved by the identification of specific set of cognitive and psychological anomalies and the similar scope might open up new avenue in the non-invasive diagnosis of PD. In the present review, we have accumulated all the timely documentation on cognitive and psychological anomalies in PD and highlighted most of the non-motor features with rational justification for the relevance of their study in the early diagnosis of PD.
Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) is one of the most prevalent monogenic disorders. The formation of polymerised haemoglobin leading to erythrocyte rigidity and appearance of characteristic sickle-shaped Red blood Cells (RBCs) resulting in vascular occlusion and haemolysis is central to the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. A major drawback of the disease in children is the development of cerebrovascular disease, hypoxia, and neuro-cognitive impairment. The recurrent episodes of vascular occlusion and inflammation of the vessels lead to progressive organ damage which becomes apparent with age. In addition to hydroxyurea and butyrate treatments, novel methods such as gene therapy and others to prevent complications from SCA are being evaluated. This article reviews the diagnostic approaches, therapies and advancements in SCA treatment with particular emphasis on the future perspective of research towards a cure for SCA.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent non-reversible neurodegenerative disorder that affects the memory and cognitive centres of brain. It has been reported that, AD turns out to be prominent among the people aged ~65 or above and is regarded as the most common cause of dementia. Moreover, AD stands among the leading causes of death in the first world nations, accounting more than 60% incidence of progressive cognitive impairment in elderly people. Amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles are two putative cytotoxic entities that have been identified, aggregation of which has been associated with the pathological signature of AD. Beta secretases-an amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme, plays a pivotal role in such pathogenic process of AD. Several other enzymatic dysregulations have also been linked with AD. Involvement of enzymatic dysregulation is the most discussed pathological implication in AD and therapeutic approaches have been postulated targeting such anomalies. Together, global consequences of enzymatic dysregulation and related therapeutic possibilities in AD remain the prime focus of present time. Therefore, research and study for the eloquent insight into the AD pathology from enzymatic perspective is essential and the same endeavour has been carried out in the present study.
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