Fishborne zoonotic trematodes (FZT) are widespread in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. It is now recognized that the risk of being infected from eating raw fish dishes applies not only to humans, but also to domestic animals (e.g., cats, dogs, and pigs) and fish-eating birds. The role of ducks and chicken, commonly raised on fish farms, as reservoir hosts, however, has not been adequately investigated. To study this question, chickens and ducks from integrated poultry-fish farms in Nghia Lac and Nghia Phu communes, Nam Dinh province, Vietnam were surveyed for FZT infections. A total of 50 ducks and 50 chickens from each commune were examined. Results revealed that 12% of chickens and 30% of ducks were infected with various species of trematodes, including two zoonotic species, Centrocestus formosanus and Echinostoma cinetorchis. Both occurred in chickens whereas only E. cinetorchis was found in ducks. Prevalence of these zoonotic species was 12% and 7% in ducks and chickens, respectively. Among other trematodes, Hypoderaeum conoideum, also a zoonotic fluke, was the most prevalent (20-30%). The feeding of snails and fish remains to poultry, either intentionally or by discharge of waste from the slaughter of ducks and chickens into the ponds, was identified as risk factors for trematode infection. The FZT species and low prevalence found in poultry in these communes indicate their role as reservoir hosts is minor.
Recent studies have shown that probiotic supplementation during late gestation exerts some beneficial effects on reproductive performance of the sows. This study aimed to investigate effects of Bacillus subtilis QST 713 supplementation in gilts on different reproductive criteria. A total of 94 Camborough-48 gilts at day 85 of gestation were randomly allocated into 2 groups: (1) control diet; (2) control diet + 4 × 108 CFU Bacillus subtilis QST 713 per day. Gilts were supplemented until farrowing. At farrowing, litter size, number of piglets born alive, stillbirths, mummies, birth weight, farrowing duration, and birth interval were recorded. Within litter variation of piglet birth weight, depicted as SDBW and CVBW, was also calculated. Results showed that Bacillus subtilis QST 713 supplementation decreased stillbirth rate (1.26 vs. 4.37%, p = 0.035 ) and increased birth weight of the piglets (1303.94 vs. 1234.09 g, p = 0.007 ). Also, the litter size (11.85 vs. 10.67, p = 0.03 ), number of piglets born alive (11.71 vs. 10.23, p = 0.008 ), and litter weight (15473.06 vs. 13174.86 g, p = 0.002 ) in the treatment group were higher than those in the control. Farrowing duration (174.39 vs. 160.81 minutes, p = 0.162 ), birth interval (16.32 vs. 16.59 minutes, p = 0.674 ), SDBW (85.07 vs. 94.65 g, p = 0.343 ), and CVBW (6.42 vs. 7.85, p = 0.12 ) were independent of the Bacillus subtilis QST 713 supplementation. Results of the present study indicate that supplementation of Bacillus subtilis QST 713 during late gestation in gilts reduces stillbirth and increases birth weight thereby improving their reproductive performance.
At four times during November 2010, cattle with infections of Fasciola spp., in two communes of northern Vietnam, were allocated to two equivalent groups. Cattle in one group were treated with triclabendazole. Faecal samples collected monthly from both groups were tested for Fasciola copro-antigens and the presence of Fasciola eggs. Re-infection of treated cattle occurred from early March to late November, coinciding with high weekly totals of rainfall. Contamination of grazing areas by untreated cattle was high and relatively constant throughout the year. However, contamination was reduced to undetectable amounts for 8 to 12 weeks after treatment and even at 20 weeks was only 50% or less of the pre-treatment amounts. Therefore, treatments given in mid-September and again in early April, at the start of the wet season, may be sufficient to prevent contamination of grazing areas and reduce the prevalence and severity of Fasciola infections in cattle.
Leptospirosis is a common zoonotic disease in the tropics and subtropics. Leptospira infected human without prompt detection and treatment will face serious consequences such as acute hepatitis-kidneys, pulmonary hemorrhage which can lead to death. Besides the MAT gold standard method, Leptosipra antigens developed by DNA recombination technology have been widely studying and applying in diagnosis of Leptospira infection in human and animal. Overcoming the disadvantages of MAT and ELISA such as complicated protocol, which requires highly qualified staff and specialized equipment, the latex agglutination method has been studied and widely used in detecting pathogens such as Salmonella, E. coli, Leptospira in the world. The advantages of this method are simple operation, fast and cheap. In the previous article, we expressed Leptospira LigB antigen in E. coli cells and successfully purified it by affinity chromatography with 98% purity. In this paper, we present the process for establishment of a Lepto-LAT kit to detect Leptospira infection in dogs. This kit had the sensitivity and specificity of 91.75% and 91.57%, respectively.
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