RESUMOSubmitted on 02/20/2014 and approved on 01/20/2016 Growth of sugar cane varieties under salinityLarge salty areas in the Brazilian semi-arid region have limited farming in Northeastern Brazil. One example is the sugar cane cultivation, which reinforces the need of selecting varieties that are more tolerant to salinity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity on growth of ten varieties of sugar cane. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, set in the experimental field of Embrapa Semiárido, in Petrolina, Pernambuco State. The experimental design was randomized blocks arranged in a 6 X 10 factorial arrangement, comprised of six levels of salinity (0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 dS m -1 ) and ten sugar cane varieties (VAT 90212; RB 72454; RB 867515; Q 124; RB 961003; RB 957508; SP791011; RB 835089; RB 92579 and SP 943206). Salt levels of irrigation water were obtained by adding NaCl, CaCl 2 .2H 2 O and MgSO 4 .7H 2 O to achieve an equivalent ratio among Na:Ca:Mg of 7:2:1. Sixty days later, plant height, stem diameter (base), number of leaves, stalks and sprouts, leaf area and fresh and dry mass of the aerial part and roots were all measured. The varieties of sugar cane showed similar responses for growth reduction as soil salinity increases, being considered moderately sensitive to salinity.

Variabilidade espacial da resistência Mecânica à penetração eM Vertissolo...

R E S U M OO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a tolerância à salinidade de seis variedades de sorgo forrageiro a partir da porcentagem de germinação e do crescimento inicial das plântulas submetidas a seis níveis de salinidade. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 6, com quatro repetições contendo 25 sementes. Germination and initial growth of varieties of forage sorghum under saline stress A B S T R A C TThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the salt tolerance of six varieties of forage sorghum, based on germination percentage and seedling growth subjected to six salinity levels. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design, according to a factorial arrangement 6 x 6 with four replications containing 25 seeds. The treatments were six varieties (V) of forage sorghum [F305 (V1), BRS 655 (V2), BRS 610 (V3), Volumax (V4), 1.015.045 (V5), 1.016.005 (V6)] and six salinity levels [0 (distilled water), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 dS m -1 ]. Experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis of Embrapa Semiárido in August 2012. The variables assessed were percentage of germination, shoot (PA) and root (R) length, ratio PA/R, shoot and root fresh mass, shoot and root dry mass. Salinity levels did not affect the seed germination of varieties of forage sorghum until the conductivity of 10 dS m -1 . The salinity levels between 3 and 5 dS m -1 favored the growth of shoots and roots, showing good tolerance to salinity of forage sorghum varieties, especially F305, Volumax and 1.015.045.

RESUMO -O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de três sistemas de irrigação sobre as trocas gasosas e as qualidades tecnológicas da cana-de-açúcar, variedade RB 92579, por três ciclos consecutivos, cultivada em dois tipos de solos na região do Submédio do São Francisco. Os experimentos foram instalados utilizando delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições, em áreas com solo arenoso e argiloso. Os sistemas de irrigação foram: sulco, gotejamento superficial e gotejamento subsuperficial. Avaliaram-se as características fisiológicas das plantas: fotossíntese líquida, condutância estomática, transpiração e temperatura foliar. Para análises tecnológicas foram determinados o teor de sólidos solúveis, porcentagem de fibra industrial, pureza do caldo, porcentagem de açúcar bruto, açúcares redutores e umidade. Verificou-se que a irrigação por gotejamento subsuperficial em solo arenoso interfere negativamente nas trocas gasosas da cultura. Os sistemas de irrigação não influenciaram na qualidade tecnológica dos colmos quando cultivada em solo arenoso e, no argiloso, o sulco interfere negativamente no processo de maturação dos colmos. Palavras-chave:ABSTRACT -The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three irrigation systems on the gas exchange and technological qualities of the sugarcane variety RB 92579, for three consecutive cycles, grown in two types of soil in the Lower Basin region of San Francisco in Brazil. The experiments were set up in a randomised-block design, with six replications, in areas of sandy and clayey soil. The irrigation systems used were: furrow, surface drip and subsurface drip. The following physiological characteristics of the plants were evaluated: net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and leaf temperature. In the technological analyses, levels were determined for soluble solids, percentage of industrial fibre, juice purity, percentage of raw sugar, reducing sugars and moisture. It was found that subsurface drip irrigation in sandy soil impairs the gas exchange of the crop. The irrigation systems did not influence the technological quality of the stalks when grown in sandy soil. In clay soil, furrow irrigation impairs the maturation process of the stems.

Salt stress is one of the most limiting environmental factors for agricultural yields in the Semiarid region of Brazil. Considering the expansion of areas with sugarcane crops in this region, the selection of more adapted plant varieties to this environment is an essential tool for the sustainability of this activity. Thus, the objective of the present work was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical responses of plants of ten sugarcane varieties to salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized block design, in a 6×10 factorial arrangement consisting of six salinity levels in the irrigation water (0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 dS m-1) and ten sugarcane varieties (VAT 90212, RB 72454, RB 867515, Q 124, RB 961003, RB 957508, SP 791011, RB 835089, RB 92579, and SP 943206), with three replications. Salt waters were applied every two days to increase the soil moisture to field capacity and promote leaching. The gas exchange, chlorophyll content, and total soluble and reducing sugars of leaves were evaluated at 90 days after planting. The highest chlorophyll contents were found in plants of the varieties Q 124, RB 96103, RB 835089, and SP 943206. The effect of salinity on the sugarcane plants affected their leaf gas exchanges and total soluble and reducing sugar contents, denoting the adaptability of plants to the stress conditions evaluated. The decrease of stomatal conductance resulted in decreases in photosynthetic rates in plants of all sugarcane varieties evaluated, except for RB 867515.

A B S T R A C TAdaptation of plants to saline environments depends on the activation of mechanisms that minimize the effects of excess ions on vital processes, such as photosynthesis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll, and organic solute in ten genotypes of forage sorghum irrigated with solutions of different salinity levels. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 10 x 6 factorial arrangement, with three replications, using ten genotypes -F305, BRS-655, BRS-610, Volumax, 1.015.045, 1.016.005, 1.016.009, 1.016.013, 1.016.015 and 1.016.031 -and six saline solutions, with electrical conductivity (EC w ) of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10 and 12.5 dS m -1. The photosynthetic activity in forage sorghum plants reduces with increasing salinity, and this response was found in the ten genotypes evaluated. The chlorophyll and protein contents were not affected by salinity, whereas carbohydrates and amino acid contents increased with increasing EC w . Soluble sugars are essential for osmoregulation of forage sorghum due to its high content in leaves.Trocas gasosas e solutos orgânicos em genótipos de sorgo forrageiro sob diferentes níveis de salinidade R E S U M OA adaptação das plantas a ambientes salinos depende da ativação de mecanismos que minimizam os efeitos do excesso de íons sobre processos vitais como a fotossíntese. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as trocas gasosas, teores de clorofila e de solutos orgânicos em genótipos de sorgo forrageiro irrigados com soluções de diferentes níveis de salinidade. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados dispostos em esquema fatorial 10 x 6, considerando dez genótipos: 'F305' , 'BRS 655' , BRS-610, 'Volumax' , 1.015.045, 1.016.005, 1.016.009, 1.016.013, 1.016.015 e 1.016.031; e soluções com seis valores de condutividade elétrica (CE a ): 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10 e 12,5 dS m -1 , utilizando-se três repetições. O aumento da salinidade influenciou diretamente a redução da atividade fotosintética do sorgo forrageiro, sendo essas respostas semelhantes para os dez genótipos estudados. Os índices de clorofila e teores de proteínas não foram afetados com a salinidade, enquanto que os teores de açúcares solúveis totais, açúcares redutores e aminoácidos foram crescentes com o aumento da CE a . Devido a sua concentração nas folhas, os açúcares solúveis devem exercer papel predominante na osmorregulação dos genótipos de sorgo forrageiro.

RESUMO - ACCUMULATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN FORAGE SORGHUM GENOTYPES UNDER SALINITYABSTRACT -The absorption and distribution control of Na + and Cl-in plant tissues is related directly to the plant tolerance degree to the salinity and can minimize possible nutritional disorders because of these ions competition with elements such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S. The aim of this study was to evaluate the salinity effect on the accumulation and distribution of Na, Cl and macronutrients in ten genotypes of sorghum. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse located at Embrapa Semiarid, in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. We used a experimental randomized block design in a factorial 10x6 considering ten cultivars of forage sorghum, six levels of salinity and three replications. After harvest, plants were separated into leaves, culms and roots, left to dry and milled for subsequent determination of the elements N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Na and Cl. Concomitantly with the salinity increase, it was observed a reduction in the amount of nutrients accumulated in leaves, culms and roots of forage sorghum, directly related to the dry matter losses and competitive effect of Na + and Cl-, which are in excess in the soil solution.

RESUMOO objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes lâminas de irrigação e arranjos de gotejadores nas características morfofisiológicas de variedades de girassol. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados dispostos em esquema fatorial 2x2x4, considerando duas variedades de girassol (Hélio 251 e Hélio 360), dois arranjos das linhas de gotejo (fileiras simples e fileiras duplas) e quatro lâminas de irrigação (75, 90, 105 e 120% da ETc), com três repetições. Foram avaliados altura, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, peso do capítulo, peso de mil aquênios, produtividade e respostas fisiológicas das plantas. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi observado que, no geral, a lâmina correspondente a 100% da ETc proporcionou as melhores respostas para o cultivo das variedades de girassol Hélio 251 e Hélio 360. Considerando a não diferença significativa entre os arranjos das linhas de gotejadores, o de fileiras duplas torna-se o mais viável para o cultivo de girassol, tendo em vista sua maior economia na instalação do sistema de irrigação. O teor de óleo dos aquênios não é influenciado pela disponibilidade de água para as plantas de girassol. Palavras-chave: ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different irrigation drip in single and double rows on morphological and physiological characteristics of sunflower varieties. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a factorial 2x2x4 considering two varieties (Hélio 251 e Hélio 360), two provisions of drip lines (single and double rows), four irrigation levels (75, 90, 105 and 120% of ETc) and three replications. At the end of the experiment,