We introduce a novel conceptual approach to managing reduced crew operations (RCO) in commercial aviation, namely the tripartite concept of a remote co-pilot center. We adopt a workload-centered perspective. Functions are allocated on a higher-level analysis along the different flight phases.

One main hurdle towards commercial airliners' Reduced-Crew Operations (RCO) is how to encounter pilot incapacitation. The aim of this modelling study is to evaluate the potential effects of a single-pilot's incapacitation on a future design approach to RCO. Most solutions propose a ground support of the pilot by a remote operator whom control should be handed over in case of an emergency. Both incapacitation and homicide-suicide have been discussed in the literature but neither of these events have been modelled nor evaluated empirically. We introduce a future operational design concept for RCO which includes a remotecopilot as ground support and automation tools monitoring pilot's health and entries into aircraft systems. The hazard analysis technique System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) was used to model and analyse scenarios of incapacitation/homicidesuicide. A hierarchical control structure showed how RCO can be embedded into commercial aviation. The STPA of pilot incapacitation and two scenarios of pilot homicide-suicide showed how unsafe control actions leading to an incident or accident after incapacitation/homicide-suicide could be prevented. The possible detection and takeover of control by the ground support in the case of incapacitation raised the question for detailed procedures on how to react to its detection. Either an autoland by the remote-copilot or by an affiliated system is possible. An additional breakup of data-link may only be solved by an automatic landing system on-board.

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The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate how a subset of methods from Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) in combination with Social Network Analysis (SNA) can be used to analyse the effects of a reduced crew in a legacy system of a commercial airliner's two-pilot-crew operations. Whereas existing research approaches have used different methodological approaches such as classical workload evaluations, we focus on social organisation and cooperation at early conceptual design stages. A case study of Reduced-Crew Operations (RCO) in commercial aviation highlights how Work Domain Analysis, Control Task Analysis and Social Organization and Cooperation Analysis were applied to allocate functions and identify future automation requirements. Furthermore, the SNA shows the possible interactions in future RCO. The effect of technological failure on the network architecture's resilience is also explored. A proposal on how to react to a data-link outage and break-up in RCO is made with respect to limitations in technology. In this way, the work can foster identifying automation requirements and related possible failures at early stages in the design process.

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Different operational concepts for Single-Pilot and Reduced-Crew Operations (RCO) in commercial aviation include a ground based supportive component of a remote-copilot. The impact of an outage and break-up of the data-link connecting air and ground has not been investigated yet. Social Network Analysis (SNA) in combination with a Cognitive Work Analysis was used to compare the three crewing options of multi-crew, reduced-crew and a break-up of data-link in RCO in terms of social factors and interactions. A data-link loss decreased the networks density and its resilience to any off-nominal and emergency situations. The single-pilot suffers from higher functional loadings, is located more central and processes a higher information flow. A twofold degraded operational procedure was proposed to mitigate an outage and loss of data-link in combination with additional automation tools onboard. Nonetheless, further research is required to provide a data-link with a big bandwidth as reliable and secure as possible.

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