Progressing Toward Airliners’ Reduced-Crew Operations: A Systematic Literature Review

Schmid, Daniela; Stanton, Neville A.

doi:10.1080/24721840.2019.1696196

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…We analyzed the database of the academic literature on SPO as described in the systematic review on the topic SPO from Schmid and Stanton (2019b). In sum, N = 79 publications (including 4 publications on SPO of business aircraft) were retrieved.…”

Section: Method: Re-analysis Of Studies From Schmid and Stanton (2019b)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the base of the systematic literature review of SPO (Schmid & Stanton, 2019b), we conducted a descriptive, quantitative content analysis of the characteristics of these publications on SPO. We assessed the impact of their 15 studies that applied the systems thinking paradigm by contrasting them against the overall scientific achievement in two areas.…”

Section: Systems Thinking Views On Single Pilot Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In aerospace, a variety of methodological approaches including systems thinking have shaped the research regarding commercial SPO, or more comprehensively reduced crew operations (Schmid & Stanton, 2019b). They include one single-pilot on the flight deck, optional relief pilots on-board as well as a ground-based human operator as support at a socalled ground (control) station (GS).…”

Section: Single Pilot Operations (Spo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systems Thinking in Aerospace: The Contributions to the Design of Future Airliners’ Single Pilot Operations

Schmid¹,

Stanton

2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Systems thinking methods have evolved into a popular toolkit in Human Factors to analyze complex sociotechnical systems at early design stages, such as future airliners’ single pilot operations (SPO). A quantitative re-analysis of studies from a systematic literature review (Schmid & Stanton, 2019b) was conducted to categorically assess their contributions to researching SPO and to fitting their systems thinking methods to contemporary Human Factors problems. Although only 15 of 79 publications applied systems thinking methods to operational, automation, and the pilot incapacitation issue(s) of SPO, these studies provided a comprehensive concept of operations that is able to deal with many issues of future single-piloted airliners. These theoretical models require further evaluation by looking at the empirical instances of system behavior. Finally, the hierarchical structures in system’s development and operations from systems thinking enable Human Factors professionals and researchers to approach SPO systematically.

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Section: Method: Re-analysis Of Studies From Schmid and Stanton (2019b)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Systems Thinking Views On Single Pilot Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Single Pilot Operations (Spo)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systems Thinking in Aerospace: The Contributions to the Design of Future Airliners’ Single Pilot Operations

Schmid¹,

Stanton

2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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“…Over the last decades, commercial aviation has been characterized by a growing of sophistication in instruments and automation systems and decreasing of crew on the flight deck [4]. In this context, the concept of SPO emerged [5]: commercial aircraft with only a pilot on-board, supported by advanced onboard automation and/or ground support.…”

Section: Single Pilot Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Single Pilot Incapacitation using Low-Fidelity Simulation

Castro,

Reis,

Mallozzi

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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In the framework of the SAFELAND project, a Low-Fidelity Simulation (LFS) tool was developed and applied in collaboration with SAFEMODE project. This tool allows a preliminary evaluation of the system under development during its early stages, being an intermediate step between the concept development and other hands-on simulation activities, such as Real-Time Simulations (RTS). The LFS is simpler and less costly than RTS, but already involves final users in immersive human-in-the-loop activities to experience the system at a low level of maturity, identifying key issues in roles, procedures, and human-automation interaction of the operational concept under evaluation. Therefore, the LFS was carried out to provide a first understanding and assessment of different aspects of the feasibility of the core ideas regarding the SAFELAND concept of operations, which addresses incapacitation during landing of a Single Pilot operated aircraft with the support of a Ground Station. Despite the limitations of the console slide deck and the activity itself, the level of engagement was perceived as high by involved participants and the LFS was considered a valuable tool for a first assessment of the new operational concept. In this way, key points of the concept were uncovered and better understood both during development and execution of the LFS, for example: workload, situational awareness, and feasibility of roles, responsibilities, and new procedures. Broader issues were also explored, such as the dynamic between on-board pilot and ground station pilot, in addition to that of the pilots and Air Traffic Control (ATC).

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“…For example, today the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder are considered proprietary data; yet, many parameters that are recorded by the FDR and flight management system (FMS) are transmitted in an open-source format via ACARS, including takeoff and landing data, waypoint reporting, and aircraft diagnostics. In the push for single-pilot operations, manufacturers have suggested the need for pilot health monitoring (PHM) programs [5], which have been compared to aircraft engine health monitoring (EHM). Could biometric information be included in routine ACARS transmissions one day?…”

Section: The Legal Landscapementioning

confidence: 99%