Evaluating the reduced flight deck crew concept using cognitive work analysis and social network analysis: comparing normal and data-link outage scenarios

Schmid, Daniela; Korn, Bernd; Stanton, Neville A.

doi:10.1007/s10111-019-00548-5

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(114 reference statements)

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“…A CWA of MCO (Stanton et al, 2016) and SPO (Schmid et al, 2020) complemented establishing a ConOps by analyzing functions, allocating functions, and defining standard normal and emergency situations. To do so, CWA describes each STS by identifying the purposes and constraints of the operators' environment in a structured, normative framework.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To sum up, the harbor pilot and dedicated support ConOps (Koltz et al, 2015) that includes mandatory support for navigation during departure and arrival and optional support in cruise has been investigated and modelled with different methods from systems thinking. CWA in combination with social network analysis (SNA) were used to allocate functions and give general design advice (Schmid et al, 2020;Stanton, Harris, & Starr, 2016). STAMP and STPA have been used to model pilot incapacitations and rapid decompression predictively (Revell et al, 2019;, 2019a and to define requirements for training and technological infrastructure elements (Schmid, Korn, Wies, & Stanton, 2019;Schmid & Stanton, 2019c).…”

Section: Systems Thinking Views On Single Pilot Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this way, CWA should support predicting workers' and system's behavior across selected situations although we cannot anticipate all systems states completely in detail. Only possible system configurations can be anticipated in social-network-analytic terms in CWA (Schmid, Korn, & Stanton, 2020). Hence, the empirical Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork (EAST) complements accident prediction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systems Thinking in Aerospace: The Contributions to the Design of Future Airliners’ Single Pilot Operations

Schmid¹,

Stanton

2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Systems thinking methods have evolved into a popular toolkit in Human Factors to analyze complex sociotechnical systems at early design stages, such as future airliners’ single pilot operations (SPO). A quantitative re-analysis of studies from a systematic literature review (Schmid & Stanton, 2019b) was conducted to categorically assess their contributions to researching SPO and to fitting their systems thinking methods to contemporary Human Factors problems. Although only 15 of 79 publications applied systems thinking methods to operational, automation, and the pilot incapacitation issue(s) of SPO, these studies provided a comprehensive concept of operations that is able to deal with many issues of future single-piloted airliners. These theoretical models require further evaluation by looking at the empirical instances of system behavior. Finally, the hierarchical structures in system’s development and operations from systems thinking enable Human Factors professionals and researchers to approach SPO systematically.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Systems Thinking Views On Single Pilot Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systems Thinking in Aerospace: The Contributions to the Design of Future Airliners’ Single Pilot Operations

Schmid¹,

Stanton

2020

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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“…Research in human-machine interfaces and interaction (HMI 2 ), particularly for advanced aerospace systems [25], has progressively evolved towards enhancing humanmachine teaming and overall system performance. One aspect of this research focuses on tailoring the system automation to support human operators, especially in complex and safety-critical operations.…”

Section: Chmi 2 Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Human-Robot Interactions for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

et al. 2021

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Advances in unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have paved the way for progressively higher levels of intelligence and autonomy, supporting new modes of operation, such as the one-to-many (OTM) concept, where a single human operator is responsible for monitoring and coordinating the tasks of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This paper presents the development and evaluation of cognitive human-machine interfaces and interactions (CHMI2) supporting adaptive automation in OTM applications. A CHMI2 system comprises a network of neurophysiological sensors and machine-learning based models for inferring user cognitive states, as well as the adaptation engine containing a set of transition logics for control/display functions and discrete autonomy levels. Models of the user’s cognitive states are trained on past performance and neurophysiological data during an offline calibration phase, and subsequently used in the online adaptation phase for real-time inference of these cognitive states. To investigate adaptive automation in OTM applications, a scenario involving bushfire detection was developed where a single human operator is responsible for tasking multiple UAV platforms to search for and localize bushfires over a wide area. We present the architecture and design of the UAS simulation environment that was developed, together with various human-machine interface (HMI) formats and functions, to evaluate the CHMI2 system’s feasibility through human-in-the-loop (HITL) experiments. The CHMI2 module was subsequently integrated into the simulation environment, providing the sensing, inference, and adaptation capabilities needed to realise adaptive automation. HITL experiments were performed to verify the CHMI2 module’s functionalities in the offline calibration and online adaptation phases. In particular, results from the online adaptation phase showed that the system was able to support real-time inference and human-machine interface and interaction (HMI2) adaptation. However, the accuracy of the inferred workload was variable across the different participants (with a root mean squared error (RMSE) ranging from 0.2 to 0.6), partly due to the reduced number of neurophysiological features available as real-time inputs and also due to limited training stages in the offline calibration phase. To improve the performance of the system, future work will investigate the use of alternative machine learning techniques, additional neurophysiological input features, and a more extensive training stage.

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“…CWA has been utilized to analyse complex sociotechnical systems across a range of domains such as nuclear power generation (Itoh et al, 1995;Olsson & Lee, 1994), military command and control (Baber et al, 2009;Jenkins, 2012;McIlroy & Stanton, 2011;Naikar et al, 2006;Stanton & McIlroy, 2012;Stanton et al, 2009), air traffic control and flight operations (Ahlstrom, 2005;Schmid et al, 2020;Stanton et al, 2016), disaster management (Jenkins et al, 2010(Jenkins et al, , 2011, health care (Effken et al, 2011(Effken et al, , 2008Guarrera et al, 2012;Lopez et al, 2010;Xiao & Sanderson, 2014), road transport (Allison & Stanton, 2018;Bodin & Krupenia, 2015Cattermole-Terzic & Horberry, 2020;Read, Salmon, Goode, et al, 2020;Read, Salmon, & Thompson, 2020;Salmon et al, 2019Salmon et al, , 2007Stanton & Allison, 2020), rail transport (Jansson et al, 2005;Read, Salmon, Lenné, et al, 2015;Stanton, McIlroy, et al, 2013), and sports (Berber, McLean, et al, 2020;Hulme et al, 2019;Mclean et al, , 2017.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sharing lessons learnt: Reflections on a novel approach to developing the contextual activity template

Berber

Read

Simcock

2021

Hum Ftrs & Erg Mfg Svc

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Introduction: There have been few published applications of the second phase of Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA), Control Task Analysis, particularly the Contextual Activity Template (CAT). The current study aimed to share lessons learnt from utilizing an online survey as a novel approach to development of a CAT. The application domain was sport, specifically football goalkeeping. A secondary aim was to apply the CAT to the goalkeeping role and gain the perceptions of both goalkeeping coaches and players on the functions and situations specific to a goalkeeper during match-play. Methods: Ten SMEs with high-level expertize in goalkeeping coaching and/or playing participated in an online survey including a series of demographic, Likert scale and open-ended questions regarding goalkeeper specific functions and matchplay situations. Eight goalkeeper match-play situations and 18 specific functions were included.Results: A CAT model was created demonstrating the match-play situations where specific goalkeeper functions occur. Three function groupings were identified: broad (six or more functions), moderate (between three and five functions), and specific (below three functions).Discussion: Utilizing online surveys to develop a CAT model is a novel approach within the Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) literature. Further, the CAT represents a first of its kind analysis in the football performance literature. Strengths and limitations of using online surveys for the development of a CAT are discussed.In conclusion, the work suggests flexible approaches can be used to develop HFE models.

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Evaluating the reduced flight deck crew concept using cognitive work analysis and social network analysis: comparing normal and data-link outage scenarios

Cited by 22 publications

References 72 publications

Systems Thinking in Aerospace: The Contributions to the Design of Future Airliners’ Single Pilot Operations

Systems Thinking in Aerospace: The Contributions to the Design of Future Airliners’ Single Pilot Operations

Adaptive Human-Robot Interactions for Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Sharing lessons learnt: Reflections on a novel approach to developing the contextual activity template

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