In this study we analyzed patterns of sequence divergence in about 1kb of mitochondrial DNA coding for two genes (16S rRNA and Cytochrome Oxidase I, COI) in 15 populations and 61 individuals of the halophilic fairy shrimp Phallocryptus spinosa (Milne-Edwards, 1840). Populations were sampled in saline and hypersaline water bodies from Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Iran, Uzbekistan, Cyprus, Algeria, Morocco and Botswana. Our genetic findings suggest complex phylogeographic relationships and pronounced genetic differentiation among populations. Multiple phylogenetic methods and nested clade analysis revealed the existence of four highly divergent maternal lineages with strong phylogeographic patterns and signatures of either allopatric fragmentation or restricted gene flow with isolation by distance. These results are further supported by the hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and pairwise F ST values, which indicate that most of detected genetic heterogeneity is apportioned among populations. Genetic relationships among haplotypes fit geographical hypotheses in most cases but one. Indeed, one haplotype is shared among French, Iranian and Uzbekistan populations. We hypothesize that this peculiar occurrence might be due to an avian-mediated long distance passive dispersal event.
The three following sequences of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) gene with GenBank Accession Numbers EU236129, EU236130 and EU236131 were erroneously assigned to the fairy shrimp Phallocryptus spinosa (haplotypes L, M and N respectively in the original publication).A BLAST search revealed that they instead match representatives of the cladoceran family Daphniidae (EU236129 and EU236131) and of the copepod family Diaptomidae (EU236130). These sequences will hence be removed from the GenBank database. We hypothesize that the cause of these erroneous amplifications has to be sought in the apparently not so rare occurrence of small crustaceans within the anostracan foliaceous limbs, as posterior microscopic inspections of a variety of ethanol-preserved anostracans confirmed (M. Ventura pers. obs.). We hence recommend to accurately checking anostracans prior to DNA extraction to exclude possible sources of contamination.We phylogenetically re-analyzed the data of the original publication by using alternatively the 16S rRNA gene only (all haplotypes, including L, M, and N) and the COI?16S sequences combined but excluding haplotypes L, M, and N. Both data sets were analyzed with a Bayesian approach and the GTR?C model of sequence evolution. Analytical settings were as in the original publication. Figure 1 shows the resulting trees as well as the original tree published in the original publication. In the 16S tree haplotypes L and M firmly cluster together and are nested within clade IV of the original publication while haplotype N is placed basal to the whole aforementioned group. Clade I is confirmed. The 16S?COI tree is the correct tree and should substitute that presented in the original publication. It is worth noting that while the deep divergence of the erroneous clades II and III is certainly an artefact, 16S data still suggest a certain degree of divergence for haplotypes L, M and N.The remaining results and conclusions of the original publication are correct.Acknowledgments We are deeply grateful to Marc Ventura Oller (CEAB, Girona, Spain) for having informed us of the mistake detailed in the present erratum.
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