Large-scale mitochondrial phylogeography in the halophilic fairy shrimp Phallocryptus spinosa (Milne-Edwards, 1840) (Branchiopoda: Anostraca)

Abstract

In this study we analyzed patterns of sequence divergence in about 1kb of mitochondrial DNA coding for two genes (16S rRNA and Cytochrome Oxidase I, COI) in 15 populations and 61 individuals of the halophilic fairy shrimp Phallocryptus spinosa (Milne-Edwards, 1840). Populations were sampled in saline and hypersaline water bodies from Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Iran, Uzbekistan, Cyprus, Algeria, Morocco and Botswana. Our genetic findings suggest complex phylogeographic relationships and pronounced genetic differentiation among populations. Multiple phylogenetic methods and nested clade analysis revealed the existence of four highly divergent maternal lineages with strong phylogeographic patterns and signatures of either allopatric fragmentation or restricted gene flow with isolation by distance. These results are further supported by the hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and pairwise F ST values, which indicate that most of detected genetic heterogeneity is apportioned among populations. Genetic relationships among haplotypes fit geographical hypotheses in most cases but one. Indeed, one haplotype is shared among French, Iranian and Uzbekistan populations. We hypothesize that this peculiar occurrence might be due to an avian-mediated long distance passive dispersal event.

Weak phylogeographic structure in the endemic western North American fairy shrimp Branchinecta lynchi (Eng, Belk and Erickson 1990)

“…This phenomenon has been observed in other anostracan species (Ketmaier et al 2008;Munoz et al 2008) and may be ubiquitous within the group. The range of this species lies within the western portion of the Pacific Flyway, which would provide ample opportunity for waterfowl or Fig.…”

“…In contrast, other phylogeographic studies of anostracans often find deep within species divergences (Ketmaier et al 2005(Ketmaier et al , 2008Munoz et al 2008), although most of these species have much larger geographic ranges than B. lynchi. I observed three clades in the Bayesian, ML and network analyses, but support for these clades was low in both analyses.…”

Bird migratory flyways influence the phylogeography of the invasive brine shrimp Artemia franciscana in its native American range

“…The high level of endemism and population structure in native A. franciscana populations, with low ongoing gene flow and occasional long-distance migration resembles the patterns found in Artemia salina , a sexual native Mediterranean brine shrimp species, and in a range of other aquatic passively dispersed taxa including sexual reproduction in their life cycles (Gómez et al 2000;Edmands 2001;De Gelas & De Meester 2005;Mills et al 2007;Ketmaier et al 2008;Korn et al 2010). Our results also expand and confirm the deep phylogenetic breaks found by Following climate-driven turnover of hypersaline habitats, migratory shorebirds would be involved in expanding the lineages into newly appearing suitable habitats and the chances of successful spread would be strongly distance dependent.…”

Bird migratory flyways influence the phylogeography of the invasive brine shrimp Artemia franciscana in its native American range

“…The high level of endemism and population structure in native A. franciscana populations, with low ongoing gene flow and occasional long-distance migration resembles the patterns found in Artemia salina , a sexual native Mediterranean brine shrimp species, and in a range of other aquatic passively dispersed taxa including sexual reproduction in their life cycles (Gómez et al 2000;Edmands 2001;De Gelas & De Meester 2005;Mills et al 2007;Ketmaier et al 2008;Korn et al 2010). Our results also expand and confirm the deep phylogenetic breaks found by transfers from the Atlantic to the Pacific coasts, as has been suggested for other passively dispersed aquatic species (Miura et al 2011).…”