The emergence of social media has profoundly impacted the delivery and consumption of sport. In the current review, we analysed the existing body of knowledge of social media in the field of sport management, from a service-dominant logic perspective, with an emphasis on relationship marketing. We reviewed 70 journal articles published in English-language Sport Management journals, which investigated new media technologies facilitating interactivity and co-creation that allow for the development and sharing of user-generated content among and between brands and individuals (i.e., social media). Three categories of

Research question: Existing team identification research uses various definitions, conceptualisations, and theoretical frameworks. In this paper, we provide a theoretical analysis of previous research using the two dominant theoretical approaches: identity theory and the social identity approach. Our primary purpose is to provide a theoretical framework for the on-going study of 'team' identification in sport management research. Findings:Scholars have used identity theory (role) and the social identity approach (group) in their quest to understand team identification, however, limited attention has been paid to the differences between the two frameworks. We focus on two aspects of role and group Team identification Page 2 of 44 identification that epitomize divergence in terms of analytical focus and explanations for behavior: the basis for identification and salience.Implications. The manuscript concludes with three recommendations for future research.First, with the aim of making future research more specific, we recommend the use of fan (spectator) identification in studies using identity theory and team identification (organisation / brand) in studies exploring the influence of group identity. Second, we outline definitions for role (fan) and group (team) identification in sport research. Finally, we reflect on the measurement of team identification.

Sport spectating provides numerous benefits for sport organisations and individuals.In this paper we use a positive psychology approach to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption in order to investigate the activation of five domains of well-being: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment (PERMA).Using a two-study panel research design, we collected qualitative data from a sample of Australian Rules Football consumers. In the first study, we explored how the PERMA domains were activated during the season. Study two included a follow-up interview with eight initial respondents in the off-season. We found evidence of four PERMA domains that were activated in the sport spectator context by a variety of consumer experiences. The emergence of these domains in both studies suggests sport marketers would benefit from actions including: creating more social spaces within their stadiums, hosting regular offseason events, and creating social-media based competitions which promote fan engagement and interactions throughout the calendar year. EXPLORING PERMA IN SPECTATOR SPORT 3Exploring PERMA in spectator sport: Applying positive psychology to examine the individual-level benefits of sport consumption Sport management researchers have traditionally focused on how to leverage the relationship between individuals and sport organisations to benefit sport leagues and teams.Such research contributes to understanding how sport organisations might best connect with customers to reap organisational benefits (Lock, Funk, Doyle, & McDonald, 2014). Whilst valuable, this perspective focuses largely on the perspective of sport organisations, which detracts attention from the individual-level benefits of spectating. Inoue, Berg, and Chelladurai (2015) illustrate this oversight, outlining a paucity of research attention dedicated to the relationship between sport consumption, and health and well-being. Furthermore, Inoue et al. (2015) note that only 9% of studies exploring this relationship are located in sport management journals, prompting a call for more research in this emerging area. Thus, in this paper we investigate the wider impacts of sport consumption and how specific domains of well-being are activated through sport spectating (Wann, 2006c).Research concerning the health and well-being benefits associated with sport has focused mainly on participation; rather than spectatorship. Existing spectator research, however, focuses on health and physical domains of well-being, devoting less attention to psychological states. A review of 135 relevant spectator manuscripts published between 1990 and 2014 demonstrated that health (47%) and physical well-being (24%) are well researched; however, domains of mental (20%) and social well-being (15%) receive much less attention (Inoue et al., 2015). Despite this weakness, researchers have established that sport spectating and psychological health are conceptually (Wann, 2006c) and empirically related (e.g., Branscombe & Wann, 1...

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The purpose of this article is to add to the conceptual discussion on eSport, analyze the role of eSport within sport management, and suggest avenues for future eSport research. The authors suggest that debates surround the degree to which eSport represents formal sport, and disagreements likely stem from conceptualizations of sport and context. Irrespective of one's notion of eSport as formal sport, the authors suggest the topic has a place in sport management scholarship and discourse. Such a position is consistent with the broad view of sport adopted by Sport Management Review, the perspective that eSport represents a form of sportification, and the association among eSport and various outcomes, including physical and psychological health, social well-being, sport consumption outcomes, and diversity and inclusion. Finally, the authors conclude that eSport scholarship can advance through the study of its governance, marketing, and management as well as by theorizing about eSport.

The effects of team identification on sport consumer behaviour are well established.Recent research, however, has moved beyond this perspective to examine the influence of groups within and beyond the team identity on consumption. Assimilating previous research findings, we advance a Multiple In-group Identity Framework (MIIF), which consists of three levels: (1) superordinate (i.e., team identity), (2) subgroup (e.g., specific stadium area), and (3) relational group (e.g., friends or family). The MIIF conceptualises the complex array of groups to which a consumer may belong within a superordinate identity. Each level includes groups with varying degrees of inclusiveness, homogeneity, and interpersonal attachment between members.Individuals seek out sub and relational group membership because solely identifying at the superordinate level may not provide optimal distinctiveness or sufficient interpersonal attachment. This provides additional self-concept benefits that nourish and operate in complement with the superordinate identification. The extent that different in-group identities influence behaviour relates to their importance in a consumer's self-concept and relevance to context. We provide implications for theory and practice.

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