RESUMO:Acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) caracterizase por um complexo de sintomas decorrentes de alterações no suporte sanguíneo cerebral, que duram pelo menos 24 horas causam lesões cerebrais. Pode ser classificado em isquêmico (AVEi) e hemorrágico (AVEh), sendo que o mais comum deles é o AVEi, caracterizado por interrupção do fluxo sanguíneo em uma determinada área do encéfalo devido a obstrução arterial ou venosa. A falta de suprimento sanguíneo causa um infarto na área vascularizada pelo vaso obstruído, causando morte neuronal. Existem fatores de risco modificáveis e não modificáveis para o AVE, sendo alguns deles: hipertensão, diabetes, tabagismo, etilismo, sedentarismo, dislipidemias, idade superior aos 55 anos, raça negra, história familiar e AVE prévio. O diagnóstico segue protocolos de acordo com o tempo de início dos sintomas, e basicamente, avalia-se quadro clínico, TC de crânio sem contraste ou ressonância magnética de crânio e exames laboratoriais. O tratamento varia de acordo com sua classificação. No caso apresentado a paciente do sexo feminino, sem comorbidades prévias e fatores de risco, desenvolveu um AVEi mesencefálico com graves sequelas. Não foram investigados alterações em genes da coagulação que pudessem explicar a causa da patologia. O AVEi jovem consiste no acidente vascular encefálico presente em adultos com menos de 45 anos. A patologia necessita, além das investigações padrões, de uma averiguação quanto a etiologia genética. Várias patologias estão associadas ao quadro, como CADASIL, doença de Fraby, coagulopatias, anemia de células falciformes, síndrome de Sneddon, MELAS, síndrome de EhlersDanlos tipo IV, neurofibrimatose tipo 1 e doença de Moya-Moya. Diante disso evidencia-se a necessidade de se conhecer sobre novos estudos e atualizações que descrevam causas não tão conhecidas de AVE.Descritores: Acidente vascular cerebral; Pacientes; Adulto jovem; Adulto; Fatores de risco.ABSTRACT: Encephalic stroke (stroke) is characterized by a complex of symptoms resulting from changes in brain blood support, which last at least 24 hours cause brain damage. It can be classified as ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, the most common being ischemic stroke, characterized by interruption of blood flow in a certain area of the brain due to arterial or venous obstruction. The lack of blood supply causes an infarct in the area vascularized by the obstructed vessel, causing neuronal death. There are modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for stroke, including hypertension, diabetes, smoking, alcoholism, sedentary lifestyle, dyslipidemias, age over 55, black race, family history and previous stroke. The diagnosis follows protocols according to the time of onset of symptoms, and basically, it is evaluated the clinical picture, skull CT without contrast or magnetic resonance of the skull and laboratory tests. The treatment varies according to its classification. In the case presented to the female patient, without previous comorbidities and risk factors, she developed a mesencephalic ischemic st...
Objective: To evaluate the importance of computed tomography and computed tomography angiography (CTA) in stroke protocols, as well as their impact on endovascular treatment and on the determination of the etiology. Materials and Methods Were evaluated 28 patients with acute/hyperacute stroke in the anterior circulation who underwent intracranial and cervical CTA between April 2018 and August 2019. The parameters evaluated were the degree of stenosis, plaque characteristics, type of infarct, treatment, etiology, and the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS). Results: Of the 28 patients evaluated, 16 (57.1%) had an ASPECTS of 10 (the maximum score, indicative of normality). Four patients (14.3%) underwent thrombolytic treatment, and seven (25.0%) underwent mechanical thrombectomy. The etiology was atherosclerosis in 32.1% of the patients, cerebral small-vessel disease in 7.1%, cardioembolic in 7.1%, and undetermined in 53.6%. Regarding plaque, 17.9% of the patients presented stenosis ≥ 50%, 21.4% presented stable plaques, and 42.9% presented vulnerable plaques. Patients with a lower ASPECTS were more likely to have relevant stenosis and were more likely to have a total infarct. Conclusion: In the evaluation of patients with acute/hyperacute strokes, CTA provides important information, identifying occlusion, as well as helping define the etiology and inform decisions regarding treatment.
A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) cursa com um amplo espectro de apresentações clínicas, desde a fase aguda até a fase avançada da doença. Em indivíduos não tratados o tempo médio entre o contágio com o vírus e o surgimento da doença ocorre em torno de dez anos. O aparecimento de infecções oportunistas e neoplasias é definidor da Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida, sendo que nessas situações a contagem de linfócitos TCD4+ está abaixo de 200 células/mm³. A pneumocistose, uma pneumonia fúngica, é causada pelo fungo Pneumocystis jirovecii. É considerada doença definidora da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida (SIDA), possui alta morbimortalidade, curso clínico grave; sendo uma causa comum de doença pulmonar oportunista em imunodeprimidos. Há poucos relatos de pneumocistose em pacientes gestantes infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), sendo que nesta parcela de pacientes, a pneumocistose é considerada uma doença rara. Descrevemos um caso em que a paciente não realizou Pré-Natal durante a gestação, apresentando como primeira manifestação clínica do HIV/SIDA, a pneumocistose.
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Objective: To describe cerebrovascular manifestations in patients hospitalized for treatment of severe COVID-19, highlighting the comorbidities observed, and those that may play a relevant role as risk factors for severe outcomes. Methods: This case series retrospective analyzed, from June to November, 2020, ten patients admitted to the emergency department, with positive nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction assay for SARS-CoV-2, presenting with neurological symptoms and positive findings at brain imaging studies. Results: In this sample, the clinical severity of the symptoms varied from mild to critical. Ischemic stroke was observed in four patients, hemorrhagic events occurred in five cases. Three patients evolved with large parenchymal hemorrhage, and one presented petechial bleeding foci. In one case, we observed subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with bilateral hypodensity in both globus pallidus. Typical posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome findings were observed in one patient on brain computed tomography. Conclusion: Patients with neurovascular complications related to COVID-19 had positive findings in brain imaging and neurological symptoms. The pathological entities observed drew attention to the neurological risk of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, including worse outcomes in individuals whose medical history includes clinical comorbidities, especially hypertension and obesity.
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