Spiders and beetles were pitfall-trapped in the foreland of the receding Hardangerjøkulen glacier in central south Norway. At each of six sampling sites, ages 3 to 205 years, twenty traps covered the local variation in moisture and plant communities. Thirty-three spider species and forty beetle species were collected. The species composition was correlated to time since glaciation and vegetation cover. A characteristic pioneer community of spiders and mainly predatory beetles had several open-ground species, and some species or genera were common to forelands in Svalbard or the Alps. While the number of spider species increased relatively constant with age, the number of beetle species seemed to level off after about 80 years. Half of the beetle species were Staphylinidae, and contrary to Carabidae, most of these were rather late colonizers. Most herbivore beetles colonized after more than 40 years, but the moss-eating Byrrhidae species Simplocaria metallica and also certain Chironomidae larvae developed in pioneer moss colonies after 4 years. The large Collembola Bourletiella hortensis, a potential prey, fed on in-blown moss fragments after 3 years. In the present foreland, chlorophyll-based food chains may start very early. Two pioneer Amara species (Carabidae) could probably feed partly on seeds, either in-blown or produced by scattered pioneer grasses.
The present study is the first modeling effort at a global scale to predict habitat suitability of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda and its key parasitoids, namely Chelonus insularis, Cotesia marginiventris,Eiphosoma laphygmae,Telenomus remus and Trichogramma pretiosum, to be considered for biological control. An adjusted procedure of a machine-learning algorithm, the maximum entropy (Maxent), was applied for the modeling experiments. Model predictions showed particularly high establishment potential of the five hymenopteran parasitoids in areas that are heavily affected by FAW (like the coastal belt of West Africa from Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to Nigeria, the Congo basin to Eastern Africa, Eastern, Southern and Southeastern Asia and some portions of Eastern Australia) and those of potential invasion risks (western & southern Europe). These habitats can be priority sites for scaling FAW biocontrol efforts. In the context of global warming and the event of accidental FAW introduction, warmer parts of Europe are at high risk. The effect of winter on the survival and life cycle of the pest in Europe and other temperate regions of the world are discussed in this paper. Overall, the models provide pioneering information to guide decision making for biological-based medium and long-term management of FAW across the globe.
Daniel Flø* and The 73 km 2 large Hardangerjøkulen glacier in alpine, south Norway is receding. By using Sigmund Hågvar † sticky and fallout traps, we studied the aerial transport of invertebrates in a foreland with *Norwegian Forest and Landscape a well-documented succession of mites, springtails, spiders, and beetles. Since mosses are Institute, Box 115, 1431 Å s, Norway pioneer plants and also food for certain pioneer invertebrates, airborne fragments of mosses †Corresponding author: Department of were also included in the study. Sampling on 3-to 6-year-old ground revealed aerial Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of transport of several species of mites and springtails. During 4 weeks, the fallout of microar-Life Sciences, Box 5003, 1432 Å s, thropods was calculated at around 1000 specimens per m 2. This number may depend Norway. sigmund.hagvar@umb.no strongly on local variations in climate and must be treated with care. Besides typical pioneer species, some species assumed to depend on older soil were also trapped. This indicates that the ability to survive is more limiting than the ability to disperse. A few spiders assumed to have the capability for ''aerial ballooning'' were trapped. Moss fragments, including bulbil diaspores, were common in both trap types. Diptera were sometimes taken numerously, and in sticky traps mainly in those facing away from the glacier. Most aerial transport occurred below 0.5 m height, and the presence of sand grains in sticky traps up to this level illustrated the mechanical force of wind transport. We conclude that aerial transport helps colonization of several non-flying pioneer organisms like mites, springtails, aphids, and mosses.
Increasing inter-continental trade with wood chips represents a challenge for phytosanitary authorities as such trade may lead to pest introductions and invasions with huge impacts on forest ecosystems and economy. Predicting species invasions and their impacts in advance may be difficult, but improved information about potential invasive species ahead of any interceptions is an important precautionary step to reduce the probability of invasions. Here we identify bark-and wood-boring insects that have a potential to become invasive in northern Europe and that may be introduced by import of deciduous wood chips from North America. The potentially most damaging species belong to the beetle genus Agrilus (Buprestidae), which includes the highly damaging emerald ash borer A. planipennis. We give a brief presentation of this and seven other Agrilus species or subspecies and review factors of importance for the risk of establishment and potential economic and ecological impacts of these species. We also discuss one Scolytinae, Hylurgopinus rufipes. There are strong indications in the literature that some north European trees are highly susceptible to attack from the selected beetle species. We therefore conclude that because north European trees have not coevolved with these herbivores and thus may lack adequate defenses, most of the identified beetle species are likely to spread in "defense-and enemy-free space" if they are introduced to northern Europe, with considerable economic and ecological consequences.
1 Ips amitinus arrived in Northern Europe at the beginning of 1900s, although its recent expansions to the northernmost conifers have been rapid.
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